The Great Gatsby, a novel of the past

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is a novel written in the past. The characters chase visions of the future that are determined by their past, which leads them to tragedy. The protagonist, Jay Gatsby, has dedicated his entire life to recapturing the perfect past with his soul mate, Daisy. Even though he believes that recreating the past is his life's goal, this leaves a tragic, heart-breaking, and disastrous ending to the novel. When Nick Carraway, the narrator, tells Gatsby that you can't repeat the past,Gatsby replies, â€Å"Why of course you can! † this is because when he has a month of fun love with Daisy, he thinks that that can compete with the years and experiences she has shared with Tom, which was proven wrong when she admits she is also still has feelings for Tom. The effect of the exclamation mark shows the emotional outburst he has and exaggerates his excitement to win back Daisy, as it is his version of the American Dream. Gatsbys mansion is a physical symb ol of his love for Daisy, he is certain that money can reconstruct his history with her.Gatsby uses his â€Å"new money' to create a home that he thought equalled houses of â€Å"old money', which is ironic as the segregation between societies is what had taken her away from him originally. The novel is told in a linear fashion but not in chronological order, it includes many flashbacks and moments in time. Even though there is a lack of faith whether the narrator is reliable or trustworthy, it adds realism as the reader's life is also not in chronological order.The reason for this is because Fitzgerald uses an impressionistic arrative technique, where Nick tries to make sense of the events in the story and comments on them, which mirrors the same way we do as readers. He focuses on the past as he has in fear of the future without Gatsby. There are hints and accusations that Nick is homosexual and in love with him. Greg Olear, in an article on The Weeklings, highlights that his de scription of Jordan Baker in Chapter One â€Å"could be a description of a man† and â€Å"the word ‘small breasted' which de-emphasizes the golfer's feminine attributes.This could explain why he fixates on the past and idealises it. Technology plays a big role in the novel in ending huge opportunities and futures, especially with Tom's marriage and love affair. The tension created in the novel when his house phone rings is vast as even though we are not told who is calling, the reader knows it is Tom's lover. This may be the reason that Daisy feels obliged to have an affair as she is rebelling against Tom. Another example of technology is Gatsbys yellow car which kills Myrtle.The description of her death is xtremely vivid to create an image in the reader's brain, â€Å"her left breast was swinging loose like a flap. † The significance of the symbol of her â€Å"left breast† is femininity and motherhood. It is being ripped off her body as she dies; transla ting that her femininity led to her death or that it had been taken away from her because of her lower class birth. The Lost Generation involves a group of writers, including Fitzgerald, who during the First World War and the Great Depression moved to France, Paris, for its inexpensive cost of living. https://donemyessay.com/the-great-gatsby-novel-questions/

Advertising & Marketing

â€Å"Advertising may be described as the science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from it.† This quote as stated by Stephen Lealock who was a renowned economist and humorist gives an ideal description of the category of advertising that I would be flowing in this paper.There are several com/how-does-advertisement-influence-peoples-behaviour/">kinds of advertising techniques that can be followed but the implementation of any one depends upon the nature of the product. When persuading the target market into buying a product that they do not necessarily need, the medium that would be chosen should be able to lay impact so as the consumer may not be able to ignore it. An idyllic media for this type of advertising is the use of television ads or promos.Advertising is a form of above-the-line promotion as it is usually directed towards the appropriate target market by selecting certain media but it is likely that many people who are unlikely to purchase the product might see the advertisement too.Advertisements are often classified into two types; informative advertisement, which are the adverts that give information about the product such as the price, main features or technical specifications.The other form is Persuasive advertising, which is the process of creating a distinct brand image or identity and it may not contain details or specifications about the product.There are a number of factors that affect the choice of medium that is to be used for advertisements. The major considerations are of the cost of advertising, the size of the audience, the message to be communicated, the law and other constraints.Television ads are a form of broadcast advertisements and it is one of the most popular advertising medium that there is. The issues that need to be considered when launching television advertisement include the duration of the advertisement, the time of broadcast and the channel on which the advertisement would be broadcasted. A ll these factors need to be considered with respect to the target audience.When selling a product that is not a necessity or requirement for the people, it would be feasible to use the persuasive advertisement approach. First, the target audience needs to be recognized. Television has the advantage of catering to a large audience and of being a more active and dynamic form of advertisement.It is important for television commercials to be attractive and eye catching. The content of the ads would reflect the target audience. For example, when addressing teenagers, a celebrity appearance in an ad could be influential. Similarly, humor, script and other factors need to be considered according to the market that is being targeted.A new revolution in television ads is the documentary style ads, which is a new concept in television commercials where commercials are created in such a fashion that they seem more like television content and hence, retain more customers.In conclusion, it shoul d be stated that television advertisements are said to be the most influential in mass marketing as they attract the consumers and hook an interest in them about the product. Moreover, with upcoming concepts such as the documentary style advertisements, viewers do not feel that their television programs are being interrupted and do not skip these commercials.Therefore, television can target a large market, and can psychologically persuade them into developing an interest in the product and thus buying something that they did not really need prior to the advertisement.Works CitedBaker, M.J (2001). Marketing: critical perspective on business and management. Taylor and Francis.

Ford Focus and Ford Motor Company Essay

When Alan Mulally took over as Chief Executive Officer at Ford Motor Company in 2006 the organization was losing billions of dollars. According to Tony Schwartz (2010), â€Å"It had just come off reporting a $14. 6 billion loss for 2008, its fourth losing year in a row† (para. 1). The article Alan Mulally-Making Ford a Model for the Future illustrates the progress of Alan Mulally and the four simple principles that are making the company become profitable. Principles are important in any organization and an employee needs to feel important and motivated to come to work. These are a few of the principles that Alan Mulally have implemented since 2006: Stand for something beyond profit. Rally your employees around a shared mission. Practice a realistic optimism. Tell the truth without fear (Schwartz, 2010). The turnaround at Ford Motor Company was not overnight. He invested in the vision â€Å"One Ford† which has the idea of creating vehicles that will appeal to both American and European consumers by utilizing a common design theme that would move beyond the three-bar infatuation of the United States (Lavrinc, 2007). The transformation of the American icon was due to the One Ford vision and one year after 2008, Ford Motor Company reported a profit of $2. 7 billion. This transformation would not have happened if Alan Mulally did not take over in 2006. The ethical behavior by Ford Motor Company’s Chief Executive Officer has shown to be a true testament to future CEO’s in the global market. When the company raised $23. 5 billion to finance the restructuring and accelerate the investment in new products it shows great leadership during the Great Recession (Bartiromo, 2011). This American icon is 110 years old and recently had the strongest third quarter profit in history in 2012. This would not have happened without Alan Mulally reducing the brands of Aston Martin, Jaguar, Mazda, Land Rover, and Volvo into the two main components that a person would vision on the road today Ford and Lincoln. The leadership is beyond extraordinary and models like the Ford Focus is now one of the country’s best selling cars (Schwartz, 2010). The business environment is multifaceted with enormous challenges that face the global market. By focusing attention on a vision, the leader operates on the emotional and spiritual resources of the organization, on its values, commitment, and aspirations. The manager, by contrast, operates on the physical resources of the organization, on its capital, human skills, raw materials, and technology. The results that an individual observes currently are in direct correlation of the actions over the last five years. Ford has now paid back the $23. 5 billion that was taken out in 2006 to finance the restructuring and investment of new products. The company has started to hire and bring jobs back to the United States. According to Schwartz (2010), â€Å"Mulally is taking an old-school industrial company and turning it into a model of how modern company ought to be run† (para. 3). Using the PESTEL Analysis to capture macro-environmental forces and including part of the Ansoff Product/Market Opportunity Matrix Ford Motor Company can thrive on market penetration strategies. The following PESTEL Analysis shows the six factors that are the biggest weaknesses and strengths perceived to be the primary data in the next five years for the automotive giant.

Clinical objectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Clinical objectives - Essay Example Pc Served Medical procedures are actual computer well guided medical procedure that helps to create a safe environment for patients and healthcare workers. The method is used by most cosmetic in surgical functions such as spinal conditions and orthopedic operations. Because of advancement in technology, personnel in clinical laboratories are able to use sophisticated equipment and gadgets to perform diagnostic checks which can be more accurate. This helps health workers to heal the right disease and thus improving the healing process. Finally, technology such as dashboards has helped nurses to achieve their goals. They are able to look at the dashboard at a glance to know if they are meeting their goals. Information technology is crucial in improving patient care outcome and in creating a safe care environment. This is mainly by helping healthcare workers to come up with breakthroughs in terms of new drugs, improving surgical procedures, and by improving the accuracy of diagnostic

Tryst Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tryst - Essay Example It does this by reviewing all the important features that make the web site to be useful to the coffee house, its clientele and all other stakeholders. To begin with, I would like to point out http://www.trystdc.com is a well designed web site. It has got a lot of features that qualify it as a credible web site. Most important of all, is the fact that the web site is quite aesthetic. As a company, Tryst Coffee is very much aware that the success of its web site heavily relies on its design. To appeal to Tryst’s target audience, it needs to be attractive and interesting to see, navigate and surf. I am making this point because, upon a thorough scrutiny, I realized that the web site has got pages which are not only organized, but also have got clear, well illustrated, relevant and readable information. I commend this as a good decision because it can enable the web site to attract and retain readers to constantly visit it. Besides, the web site has a visible homepage as one of its features. This, as I found out, is a section, in which the company has posted all the important information regarding the company’s services. In it, were sections like contact us; about us; menu; events, mission; and vision. These are very important pieces of information that the company need to avail to the clients. They can enable the clients to know much about the company. Had it not been there, I would not have known about the menu and different food, beverage and beer brands offered by the business. I therefore feel that it was a good idea for the company to include this section in the web site as it touch on sensitive areas that should not be left out in the web site. Moreover, the web site appeared credible and genuine because it did not leave out the company’s contact details. In it were the right and up dated information on the company’s official postal address, email address and telephone numbers. All these

Leagile Manufacturing System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leagile Manufacturing System - Essay Example The consumer groups reflected high amount of problems in getting the right quantity and quality of products owing to the misappropriate use of the just-in-time model. Leagile manufacturing system is observed to largely falter owing to the excess availability of dead stock levels that failed to meet the fluctuating demand scenario in the external market. This fact led to the rise in cost of holding such dead inventories in regards to the customers and the concern itself. Moreover the system of placing orders to the suppliers and also in meeting the order requirements of the consumer groups received severe halts on account of inappropriate stock levels. The entire operational and sales teams’ efforts were in vain on account of such growing problems which also started reducing their motivation to render further productivity. In regards to the above problem the following paper aims at bringing about separate strategies that would in turn help to bring about effective strategies th at would help in reducing the cost of holding inventory and also in helping in meeting consumer requirements. The paper in turn also focuses on the separate implementation activities that the organization should take in order to involve the separate stakeholders in the change process and thereby develop an enhanced cultural climate in the concern aiming at fostering better relationship with the consumers. Linkages between Customer Needs, the Company’s Strategies and Its Current Operational Issues Scott Murphy as the Vice President of Operations for Leagile Manufacturing Systems is found to have decided into implementing the concepts

Effective Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Effective Advertising - Essay Example Advertising is one of the promotion tools that firms use to interact with the consumers. Known as above-the-line-promotion sometimes, it is a paid-for interaction with the customers to inform or persuade about the product the company is providing, e.g. TV or Magazine advertising. Advertisements are generally focused towards the right target market by opting for the right communication bridge i.e. Media. But it is also true that many people who are not willing or able to buy the product may see the advertisements too. Outstanding advertising operations can lead to increased consumer awareness and turnover for the product, thus positivity can be achieved such as brand loyalty. There are two types of advertising: Informative and Persuasive. Informative are adverts that give information to potential purchasers of a good, instead of just trying to create a name. Price or features of the product can be written on it, or to be more relevant, places where the product can be found. Firms use this type of advertising because it is effective when it is trying to stimulate introductory interest in consumers for the product that is not been known before, or trying to inform about the design or specifications. Another type of advertising is persuasive advertising. This is needed to create a distinctive notion of the product, although it doesn’t reveal all the information of the product i.e. price or place it can be found at, or materials used to create the product. It is rather done to ‘play’ with the minds of the consumers so that consumers can differentiate about the particular product and other products of the same kind available in the market. â€Å"The more informative your advertising, the more persuasive it will be.† (Shields, 2007). On the other hand, not all advertising is focused on the end user. One type of advertising is targeted at retailers to stock and sell products to consumers and, if possible, to provide a better image than rival products. This kind of product advertising is most used and printed in business journals and trade digests or business channels which mostly are not available to consumers but only to firms and businessmen. Advertising can be done in many ways. Advertising agencies can be there to provide these services. (Stimpson & Farquharson, 2010). Although it can prove to be expensive, these specialists can offer a complete effective advertising techniques and this can be precious to a business without its own marketing experts or to one that might have experiencing this for the first time. These agencies will charge substantial fees and do the job as: Researching the market, Use cost-effective advertising techniques, Using experts and creative heads to design, filming and printing the adverts, and assessing and monitoring the work done. Effective advertising is the targeting rightly at the right customers through the right media and the right time and marketing what the business has to offer u sing the most relevant and possible technique. Advertising can only be effective if the message has been received and inferred by the receiver (public), and the sender is satisfied that it has been conveyed properly. Key elements of effective advertising are: Transmitter or sender (Firm) Clear-cut delivery of the message Appropriate channel (way of advertising) Receiver (public) Feedback to assess the outcome Advertisements may be characterized into two categories â€Å"Branding† adverts or â€Å"Tactical† adverts for products specifically. This efficient method allows the company to promote a variety of products under its influence at the same time. â€Å"Tactical† advertisements – usually provide a solution to a particular problem. It gives the exact details of the product that is to be sold. Tactical advertisement usually leads to stiff competition from competitors in the industry. Recent researches have been conducted upon this notion whether advertis ing really increases the sales or brand value or not. According to the researches, NASCAR fans were

Government Regulation of the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Government Regulation of the Internet - Essay Example Since the cyberspace’s geopolitical demarcation is virtually erased, the question whether a government should step on the internet became in itself questionable. Given that with the issues spawned by the cyberspace are disturbing, that it now becomes an imperative to maintain an acceptable standard of behavior over the internet, it is questionable whether the government do it and will it bring good or disaster?This brings to mind the geographic relativity of laws. Laws are not uniform and essentially differ in each country while the nature of internet stays the same whichever country it may be. For example, laws governing e-commerce and speech in the United States may differ or may not even exist say that of the Middle East country and vice versa that the enforcement of cyberspace regulation may prove to be a challenge if not impossible to implement. Speaking against the government may be a crime in the Middle East and other countries but is perfectly acceptable in the United States as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution. E-commerce and the Anti-Piracy law may be stringent in countries such as the United States but may also be non-existent in other countries. Such, many concerned parties proposed to adopt an intergovernmental regulation to create a cross-border harmonization of internet governance policy for greater efficacy. This may appear good on paper but quite impossible to apply. As mentioned above, what can be acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in other countries.... For example, laws governing e-commerce and speech in the United States may differ or may not even exist say that of the Middle East country and vice versa that the enforcement of cyberspace regulation may prove to be a challenge if not impossible to implement. Speaking against the government may be a crime in the Middle East and other countries but is perfectly acceptable in the United States as guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution. E-commerce and Anti-Piracy law may be stringent in countries such as United States but may also be non-existent in other countries. Such, many concerned parties proposed to adopt an intergovernmental regulation to create a cross-border harmonization of internet governance policy for greater efficacy. This may appear good on paper but quite impossible to apply. As mentioned above, what can be acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in other countries. Asserting one’s law on another sovereignty country is just out of the ques tion to regulate the internet. It will just complicate the issue more. There is however other interest groups that espouse the idea of self-imposed regulation of cyberspace conduct. Among these is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in the United States whose mandate is to develop a bottom-up consensus on the usage of the internet among the private sector. Though it differed in identity compared to that of the government, it still called for the regulation of the cyberspace by a broader consensus of different interested parties in the private sector. It is not coercive and is done by an initiative of the private sector who acknowledges that there has to be a set of acceptable behavior in the cyberspace to curb if not eliminate misconduct. For

Art education Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art education - Personal Statement Example Moreover, in the modern world, with interests of many people gradually shallowing to be limited by mere consumption of civilization’s goods, there is a huge need for developing sense of beauty and interest in spiritual fare. My passion for art evolved into desire to devote my further life to it, particularly, to sharing knowledge about art with others, fostering aesthetic sensitivity in them, and making a small yet important contribution to enhancement of cultural level in the society. Thus, following my dream, I successfully graduated as an undergraduate in Art Education: in 2008, I obtained my Honors Degree. During my undergraduate education period, I acquired organizational and leadership skills and thematic knowledge, developed aesthetic sensibility and got better realization of my purpose in career. Willing to put my knowledge into practice, I worked with children in summers during my tuition period. After graduation, pursuit for good practice led me to an elementary school, where I had worked for one year, teaching children Art. I should mention that this experience was absolutely enjoyable, because it allowed me to broaden children’s outlook and inspire them to create something beautiful. Moreover, I consider art education for younger children extremely important for balancing other disciplines and supporting development of creativity. This is a crucial step in realization of creative potential already in early years and fostering love of art. After practicing my knowledge with children, I moved on to work as a lecturer at the university for two years (from 2009 to 2011): this experience gave me precious skills of working with older students and quickening their interest in Art. Next, I proceeded with my education in the United States by learning English in Ohio State University between 2011 and 2013. Having achieved satisfying results there, I came back to the university and continued with my

The increasing trend of childhood obesity Essay

The increasing trend of childhood obesity - Essay Example This essay "The increasing trend of childhood obesity" outlines the danger of the obesity and its impact on the health. The increased prevalence of overweight along obesity leads to serious health issues. In other words, it can be stated that overweight along with obesity are the independent risk factors for the upsurge in morbidity as well as mortality throughout the life cycle of an individual. Childhood obesity is linked with various health related complications which upsurges the premature illness risks and even death. The issue of obesity among the children is showing a growing trend and raising the concern of the public health as noted by Ebbeling et al. (2002). The issue of childhood obesity is gaining its importance in the public health care. In order to ensure healthy life style and to create awareness among the general public widespread awareness programs through televisions, internet, and schools newsletters along with magazines of parenting are being executed. Various pol icies were and are being incorporated in the national priority lists. However the people are not sure regarding the effectiveness of the policies in order to combat the problem of childhood obesity. According to The Trustees of Princeton University childhood obesity is deciphered as societal issue due to the influence of several factors including the environmental, biological along with behavioral. With the increasing trend of childhood obesity this is becoming one of the severe health challenges in the 21st century (Future of Children, 2006).

The airing of V for Vendetta on Chinese state television- its positive Essay

The airing of V for Vendetta on Chinese state television- its positive and negative effects on the Chinese people, media and cen - Essay Example Now with the media event in China, the movie has become bone of contention among the common Chinese people and Beijing elite groups alike, and it is likely to cause notable impacts on the Chinese media and population as a whole. The Hugo Weaving and Natalie Portman starred film is set in a fictional English community, and exposes a daring, charming freedom fighter known as ‘V’ (Vigilante), who initiates a revolution against a futuristic authoritarian regime. The James McTeigue directed movie is based on the 1982 comic book V for Vendetta written by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. It depicts a futuristic situation in Britain where V has to use radical tactics to fight the oppressive fascist state to regain the state’s freedom. Another main character of the story is Evey, a young woman who is rescued by V from a crucial life-and death condition. As the story progresses, she also identifies her role in the mission carried out by V and voluntarily joins him. V wears the m ask of Guy Fawkes and invites all the people to join him to blow up the parliament and thereby regain freedom and justice. Although V’s activities are genuine and reasonable, the corrupt Chancellor deems them as acts of terrorism. The movie begins reminding the event when Guy Fawkes plotted to destroy the parliament and the king in order to regain catholic sovereignty in England. The movie really intends to criticise the traditional tactics (fear and the voice of God) used by the government to create a feeling that the wrath of God will soon avenge who went against the regime. (Source: The Hollywood Reporter). In this context, the airing of the movie V for Vendetta raises numerous questions with regard to the Chinese censorship laws and entertainment policies. The Chinese government has been very much concerned about preserving its political authority and hence maintained a tight rein on traditional and new media so as to prevent any potential threats from their part. The gov ernment has very often entailed strict media controls which involved but not limited to using monitoring systems, shutting down publications or websites, jailing etc. As Bennet (2013) points out, China's censorship of its media has been getting attention recently when  Southern Weekly, a liberal-leaning paper based in Guangzhou, staged an extensive confrontation with the government. Google's battle with the Chinese government over Internet censorship in China is another example. However, as many thinkers believe, the airing of the controversial film indicates China’s attempt to balance its media controlling power with the growing need for information. In other words, it seems that China is badly in need of press freedom while at the same time worried about the impacts the liberalisation would bring upon the economy. The airing of the V for Vendetta would be counted as a remarkable event in the history of Chinese media. The event got wide media coverage and multiple response s around the globe. As The Guardian reported dated 20th December 2012, ‘after the telecast, China's internet crackled with quotes of a famous catchline from the movie: â€Å"People should not be afraid of their governments. Governments should be afraid of their people"’. The reports indicate that people at the helm of affairs were not very much

DNA Profiling Techniques in Forensic Science Essay Example for Free

DNA Profiling Techniques in Forensic Science Essay Abstract Since 1985, DNA profiling in forensic science has become very important in this virtual era of technology and in the world of science that solves both major and minor crimes. Small traces of DNA are considered in all circumstances from how the DNA was collected to fully obtaining the profile in its significant form. Traces of sweat, blood and semen are the most common type’s evidence found at crime scenes. There are several different methods for creating a DNA profile such as STR (Short Tandem Repeat), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Y chromosome analysis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) analysis. All these types of methods are able to extract DNA from a chosen sample taken from a crime scene. DNA profiling is the information of how a sample is processed and analysed and a DNA profile must be created by collecting and analysing VNTR’s (Variable Number Tandem Repeats), these are unique sequences on the loci which is an area on chromosomes. Most DNA sequences in different people look too similar to tell apart whereas VNTR result in bands that are unique enough for identification of individuals. Introduction DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material in almost all living organisms. In 1953 researchers J. Watson and F. Crick saw the structure of DNA. DNA consists of two long strands that are built up chain like, each consisting four nucleotide subunits, attached to a sugar phosphate backbone. Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are bases that are arranged pairwise in the middle of the DNA stand. The nucleotides are covalently linked together, from which the bases A and T, G and C bind by a hydrogen bond (Bray et al 2010: 173). Figure 1 shows the order of the bases, which determine the biological information available for building, and maintaining an organism, the sugar phosphate group molecules form the vertical side piece and the base pairs form a ring shape to create a spiral called a double helix. The two backbone chains run in opposite directions, this is specific for base to base bonding which allows this genetic information contained in DNA to be copied accurately from one generation of cells to the next. Figure 1 – DNA By Jaspreet (Bray et al 2012) There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans inherited from our parents, with each parent contributing one half of each pair. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, 22 pairs are autosomes and the last pair is a sex chromosome fig 2 shows this. Autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; they are individual which means that each person has a DNA profile as unique as a fingerprint. No two DNA profiles or fingerprints can be the same due to the combination of marker sizes found in each person makes up his/her unique genetic profile. When determining the relationship between two individuals, their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the same inheritance patterns at a conclusive rate. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of each cell and consist of long DNA strands where they are tightly packed and coiled around specific proteins called histones, which are looped and fixed to specific regions of the chromosome. There are 5 different kinds of histones (H1, H2A H2B, H3 and H4); they all bind to DNA to form chromatin in the nucleus during cell division where the chromatin condenses into visible structures that are the chromosomes itself. The DNA wrapped around each histone core is 200bp (base pair) long. Histones can be purified from DNA as H2A and H2B stick together as do H3 and H4 therefore making 8 proteins in each histone core with DNA wrapped is called a nucleosome which is 10nm (nano meter) fibre thickness, H1 is not part of the histone core as it binds to the nucleosome to give an even more structure to the chromatin and waits for the next interaction to take place. Fig 2 – 23 pairs of Chromosomes DNA is specific to its kind where identical twins are formed when a fertilised egg splits into two and develop into a full embryo. Identical twins will have the same genes making them alike in everything controlled by the genes itself. Although they have different phenotypes the DNA itself is expressed in different ways too. If identical twins are raised in different environments and stimuli they can develop some changes such as a genotype for a particular weight and height but this can only happen if they have enough food or a genotype for a potential IQ but again this will rely on the education and the right kind of stimulus received for that individual. Variation within humans result in the genes inherited from your parents and the environment you live in. (David Wright, 2000: 162) Main Body The techniques for identification of DNA profiling only need just a small amount of DNA but in some methods a larger amount is needed. DNA profiling is carried out when human biological fluid or human tissue is found at crime scenes and is used for evidence to link or exclude a possible suspect from the scene. DNA profiling can only be used if there is enough DNA within the sample taken and is only useful for comparing the samples. Samples taken can be compared to a national database of DNA profiling where there are over 700,000 samples in the UK national database alone. When there is a match, the two samples may have originated from the same person but before DNA can be profiled, it must be extracted from the sample in any of the following analysis depending on what the sample is and how much of it you have. One of the first techniques that were adapted for forensic DNA profiling was Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) where this kind of analysis determines variation in the length of a single DNA fragment. If two samples originate from different sources, RFLP can differentiate them using fewer loci than other systems. RFLP can determine whether a single sample contains DNA from more than one person but this can only happen if there is a large amount of greater quality DNA, this technique is stated to be ‘laborious and difficult to automate’ (Rudin and Inman. 2002: 41) (2). Fig 3 shows the RFLP process. Fig 3 – RFLP by Jaspreet (Botstein 2012) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a process where a specific region of DNA is replicated over and over again to make copies of a particular sequence. Fig 4 shows the process which involves the heating and cooling of samples in a thermal cycle pattern of three steps denaturation, annealing and elongation. The strands get separated and bind to primers (fig 5), which are pieces of DNA so that they attach to the DNA at each end of the region for it to be copied. PCR is very sensitive and effective in many ways in the use of forensic science. PCR only needs a small amount of blood compared to RFLP needs about a quarter. Fig 4 – PCR by Jaspreet (Prof Santiago 2012) The primers used in PCR define the region of the genome that will be analysed. Primers are short pieces of DNA that anneal to the template molecule at either end of the specific region Fig 5 illustrates this. For a forensic PCR analysis the primers must bind to the regions of the DNA sequence to effectively amplify the human DNA while at the same time taking precautions not binding DNA to any other species. (Goodwin et al, 2007) Fig 5 – Primers binding to the DNA strand which is known as the annealing stage. By Jaspreet (Davidson 2012) Short Tandem Repeat (STR) technology is a forensic analysis that evaluates specific regions, loci that are found on a DNA strand. STR is when the repeat units are shorter and each loci can be used simultaneously of two to six bases long. STR regions are analysed for forensic testing between one DNA profiles to another. The purpose of having a core set of STR loci (13 set loci) is to ensure that all forensic laboratories can get the DNA from databases and share valuable forensic information. STR’s does have some limitations on sensitivity where it will work on degraded DNA samples such as damaged body tissue or bone destroyed by fire but sometimes there just isn’t enough sample to be tested giving no results at all for example aged bone. To test even smaller sample of DNA currently mtDNA is the choice of technique. (Gill et al, 2001) Mitochondria produce 90% of a cells energy, and contain their own genomes in the form of a double-stranded circular molecule known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MtDNA is important for finding missing person’s investigations, mass disasters, and other forensic investigations. MtDNA is valuable for determining DNA recovered from damaged, degraded, or very small biological samples that techniques such as STR cannot extract with small amounts of DNA. MtDNA is a small circular genome located in the mitochondria, which are located outside of a cells nucleus. Fig 6 illustrates this. There are two properties of mtDNA: high copy number and maternal inheritance. Samples such as hair, bone and teeth can be used to examine common ancestry between individuals. Maternal inheritance such as grandmother, mother and daughter all have statistically the same mtDNA sequence within them as they have been passed on from generation to generation. This can help to find unidentified remains for analysis and comparison of the mtDNA profile to any maternal relative. High copy number is valuable for when the amount of material within the cell is very small for analysis. (Goodwin et al, 2007) Fig 6 – MtDNA by Jaspreet (Ferullo 2012) Y-chromosome analysis targets only the male population of biological samples as they are passed down from father to son unchanged, except when mutations occur. They can also be used to trace family members amongst males only. A reference Y-chromosome profile has to be compared with an unknown sample match for significance, to confirm that the match actually exists. The Y chromosome DNA testing is important in situations where a small amount of male DNA may be recovered in the presence of excess female DNA, such as in sexual assault evidence. Y chromosome analysis can also benefit missing person’s investigations as it extends the range of potential reference samples. Since fathers pass their Y chromosome onto their sons unchanged all males in a paternal lineage will possess a common Y chromosome haplotype. Conclusion DNA profiling technology is constantly evolving where techniques such as PCR, STR and mtDNA and new loci are being discovered and are being used widely around the world to solve crimes globally. From research and experience we know that the technique RFLP requires too much DNA for the process to take place, it also takes longer too this is the reason why forensic scientist do not use this anymore. However, PCR can be used to amplify very small amounts of DNA, usually in 2-3 hours, to the levels required for RFLP analysis. Therefore, more samples can be analyzed in a shorter time. The ability to analyse such small amounts of samples of evidence taken from crime scenes increases the automation and promises faster and more effective results for forensic evidence in court. DNA degradation can be easily identified on an electropherogram where the process can reduce the height of some alleles, making them too low to be recognised from the data. When there are too many samples of DNA degraded it is classed as no results being obtained and can complicate the interpretation of the samples if two or more are similar to each other. Degradation is more likely to occur during the technique of STR as the amplification of specific regions on the DNA strand will not be successful. References Books 1. John M. Butler, 2005, Forensic DNA Typing – Biology, Technology and Genetics of STR Marker. Elsevier Academic Press (USA). 2nd Edition, page 42 and 63. 2. Norah Rudin and Keith Inman, An introduction to Forensic Analysis, 2nd Edition, CRC Press LLC 2002, page 41, 58 3. Alberts Bray et al, 2010, Essential Cell Biology. Garland Science, Taylor Francis Group LLC. 3rd Edition, page 173 4. William Goodwin et al, 2007. An Introduction to Forensic Genetics. John Wiley Sons Ltd. Page 41, 71, 127-132 5. David Wright, 2000. Human Physiology and Health. Heinemann Educational Publishers. Page 22, 162. Websites 6. http://www.nij.gov/topics/forensics/evidence/dna/basics/analyzing.htm#mitochondrial accessed 21st November 2012 at 11.30am 7. http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirnov3/science.html accessed November 20th, 2012 8. Ferullo, Daniel. 7.342 Powerhouse Rules: The Role of Mitochondria in Human Diseases,Spring 2011. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCourseWare), http://ocw.mit.edu (Accessed 29 Nov, 2012). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Journals 9. Gill, P., Sparkes, R. and Tully, G. (2001). DNA Profiling in Forensic Science. John Wiley Sons Ltd. (1), 1-6. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/npg.els.0001001/pdf) accessed 19th November 2012 10. Renata Jacewicz, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Joanna Rupa-Matysek, Maciej Jedrzejczyk, Mieczysław Komarnicki and Jarosław Berent. 2012. Genetic investigation of biological materials from patients after stem cell transplantation based on autosomal as well as Y-chromosomal markers. Int J Legel Med. (1), 1-4. 11. Andreas Meyerhans, Jean-Pierre Vartanian and Simon Wain-Hobson. (1991). Strand Specific PCR amplification of Low Copy Number DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 20 (3), 521-523.

Interventions for Smoking Cessation

Interventions for Smoking Cessation Introduction Health literacy is the â€Å"capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Smoking is a common addictive behavior and is bad for health status in many ways. According to World Health Organization (2014) tobacco kills nearly six million people per year. Therefore, it is important to promote people’s health literacy of smoking through effective intervention to improve health condition. Brief intervention is an effective method to deliver suitable information and increase the motivation of clients to change the substance use (Substance abuse and mental health service, 2014). Nurses can make good use of brief intervention to improve the health literacy among clients with resultant better health outcomes. This essay will firstly describe the potential health impacts of smoking on individual in Australia and globally. Secondly, it will use a case to analyze the smoking through stage of change model and discuss three approaches to change the behavior. Thirdly, it will choose the most sustainable strategy to provide health literacy to the client. Lastly, I will discuss how changing a singles person’s behavior can contribute to global health. Overview of smoking Cigarette contains more than 7,000 chemical substances and most of them are harmful to our body. Once inhaled into the lung, these chemical compounds will be carried to all the tissues of our body through blood (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Smoking will impair the normal growth and function of the cells and result in cancer tumor growth. Research showed that smoking can cause many kinds of cancers in our body such as larynx, lung, mouth, nose, and throat cancer (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). For the cardiovascular system, smoking will damage our blood vessels with plaque formation and produce thicker vessel walls and narrower lumen. Therefore, smoking is a major risk factor for stroke and coronary heart disease (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Smoking also causes damage to the respiratory system, especially the airway and alveoli. The research showed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including emphysema and ch ronic bronchitis are most commonly related to smoking. In addition, smoking will also affect the fertility and immune system and increase the chance to have type 2 diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Last but not least, secondhand smoke causes adverse effects such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases to the peers, family and community. In conclusion, smoking might impact the whole body and result in serious health problem. According to World Health Organization (2014), smoking is related to more than 6 million people’s death; 5 million die directly due to tobacco use and 600,000 people die from exposure to secondhand smoke. In Australia, around 3.1 million people (19.5%) are current smokers aged over 18 years old and among them 20.4% male and 16.3% female are daily smokers (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011). Smoking was responsible for 20% of cancer death in Australia and around 45,000 hospitalisations in New South Wales were related to smoking (Cancer Council NSW, 2013). In addition, nearly 600,000 people (3.6%) reported at risk of having heart disease and other chronic conditions due to using tobacco products (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013). Smoking is a common unhealthy behavior not only in Australia but all over the world and contributes to many diseases and death. Incident of smoking Mr. C is a 55 year old man who comes from Taiwan and works as an accountant in a computer company. He had a history of smoking around 30 years since graduated from senior high school. He usually smokes 10-12 cigarettes a day. Mr. C has the medical history of type 2 diabetes. He believes that smoking can help him release the stress and anxiety. He really enjoys the moment of smoking and states that smoking can stimulate thinking. However, Mr. C developed productive cough recently and had shortness of breath when climbing the stairs. He went to see a general practitioner and the physician informed him that the productive cough and shortness of breath are related to smoking. Therefore, the general practitioner gave Mr. C a handbook about the information of smoking and suggested him to quit smoking. After seeing the general practitioner, Mr. C read through the handbook and tried to search the internet for relevant information. He also discussed with his family and all of his family suppo rted him to quit smoking. Mr. C hesitated about stopping smoking. Because he thought that smoking was a good method for him to relieve the stress and serve as a social skill to maintain the relationship with friends and colleagues. In addition, he also considers that to quit smoking will be a long process and takes a lot of time to give up smoking and will incur a lot of physical discomfort. Mr. C is now feeling ambivalent about quitting smoking but he wants the symptoms such as productive cough and shortness of breath to go away. Therefore, he still considers smoking to be an enjoyable hobbit and cannot really give up smoking. Stage of change model Stage of change model (Transtheoretical model) is a theory of behavior change which was developed by Prochaska and DiClemente. It contains 5 stages of changes: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance (Australia government Department of health, 2004; Prochaska, DiClemente Norcross, 1992, p. 1103). Stage of change model is a good method to assess the readiness of clients to change the additive behavior such as smoking (Mallin, 2002, p. 1107). According to Prochaska, DiClemente and Norcross (1992, p.1103), contemplation is the stage that clients are aware the adverse effects due to the behavior and consider to change, however have not determined to establish a plan of action. In this incident, Mr. C has some physical discomfort such as productive cough and shortness of breath during the activity. Therefore, Mr. C went to a general practitioner for the assessment and found out that smoking was the root cause of the symptoms. Mr. C started to search the infor mation about smoking and also discussed with his family. However, Mr. C did not make a promise to quit smoking. Due to these features, Mr. C is at the stage of contemplation. Another concept of the contemplation stage is that patient is ambivalent about the advantage and disadvantage of the behavior (Prochaska, DiClemente Norcross, 1992, p. 1103). The client realizes the behavior will be harmful to the health condition but still considers the behavior to be with value (Australia government Department of health, 2004). In this case, Mr. C states that smoking is a good method for him to relieve the stress and a social tool to maintain the relationship with friends and colleagues. He did not want to give up this 30 years hobbit. However, Mr. C also wanted to improve the symptoms. Mr. C is hesitated in making the decision to quit smoking. Therefore, it is obvious that Mr. C is at the stage of contemplation. Multiple approaches to change smoking Motivational interviewing is a counseling technique which can assist clients to increase the motivation to change the addictive behavior (Miller, 2010, p. 247; Ridner, Cloud, Ostapchuk, Myers, Jorayeva Ling, 2014, p. 314). Clients can be explored and their ambivalence could be resolved about quitting smoking through motivational interviewing (Lai, Cahill, Qin Tang, 2010). The four principles of motivational interviewing are expression of empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance and support self-efficacy (Miller, 2010, p. 248). During the motivational interviewing, nurses can understand the ambivalent feelings of the clients, the difficulties of changing and discuss the advantage and disadvantage of quitting smoking with clients. In addition, it might enhance the client’s desire to change. Nurses might use the reflective listening, open-ended questions, affirmation and summarization techniques to understand the clients’ position and have good communication (M iller, 2010, p. 249; New South Wales Department of Health, 2005). A research (Ridner, Cloud, Myers, Jorayeva Ling, 2014) found out that after the motivational interviewing, the patients smoked less cigarettes, had a higher score of self-efficacy and lower nicotine dependence. Soria, Legido, Escolano, Lopez Yeste and Montoya (2006) pointed out that motivational interviewing group has higher success rate compared to anti-smoking advice group. In addition, the article also showed that motivational interviewing could help clients move to the next stage of change model. The above evidence showed that motivational interviewing is an effective brief intervention to increase the motivation of clients to seek the health information of smoking and its treatment, and therefore, increase the willingness of quitting. 5As (ask, assess, advice, assist and arrange) is a brief intervention to increase the motivation of the patient with addictive behavior (DiClemente, Delahanty, Kofeldt, Dixon, Goldberg Lucksted, 2011, p. 261). The first step is to ask the client’s smoking behavior and obtain the basic information about the client. Secondly, the readiness and motivation of clients to quit smoking will be assessed. In this step, stages of change model is a good tool to assess the motivation of client. Then, nurses can deliver the advice to the clients about the pros and cons of health on smoking followed by provision of the effective tips for clients to quit smoking. Fourthly, assist the clients to increase the motivation about quitting smoking and encourage patient to quit smoking. Lastly, the nurses should arrange the follow-up program to provide further support (Dawson, Noller Skinner, 2013, p. 132; Scanlon, 2006, p. 25 26). A study conducted 5As intervention at the mental health community center to the patients with smoking behavior in the community. They found following the implementation of 5As, the rate of tobacco use decreased and more people quit smoking (Dixon et al., 2009). Therefore, 5As is an effective brief intervention to assist clients to quit smoking through enhancing their motivations and providing necessary support. Nurses are the most important health education provider, who delivers education to the clients. The research showed that good health education program can increase the smoking caseation rate. Health education can provide the impacts on health and lead to the change the attitude of using cigarette (Salaudeen, Musa, Akande Bolarinwa, 2011, p. 217). Internet is a very useful tool to enhance the effectiveness of health education and promotion. According to Dijk, Nooijer, Heinrich and Vries (2007, p. 122), they found out that the knowledge of tobacco cessation will be delivered better through the internet to the clients. The internet is the preferred education method of adolescents and teenagers. The interviewer indicated that the web site contains the colorful pictures and interesting animation which will increase the motivation to learn and understand information of quitting smoking and also stimulate the client to take action. Therefore, the health education delivery through the inter net is a good intervention to spread the health information and increase the health literacy of the clients. The sustainable strategy to the incident In this incident, motivational interviewing is the most sustainable brief intervention for Mr. C to improve health literacy and result in quitting smoking. Mr. C had noticed that he has some symptoms such as shortness of breath and productive cough which impact his health condition. However, he is still considering the benefits that he gets from smoking including relieve the stress and anxiety and the social tool to maintain the relationship with peers and collogues. He is ambivalence about take action to change. Therefore, nurses can use motivational interviewing to assist client to evaluate the pons and cons of quitting smoking. Encourage patient to express his idea and identify the barrier of quitting smoking. In addition, nurses can assist the client to resolve the ambivalence and difficulties which lead to higher motivation to quit smoking. In this stage, there is no apparent health problem on Mr. C, therefore, he did not seriously consider that quitting smoking is an urgent matter for him. During the motivational interviewing, the nurses can provide adverse effects on health to the patient and assist patient to image the healthier future without smoking. Thus, he may seek the related information actively. Motivational interviewing may enhance the client’s motivation to obtain the health information and make the correct decision. Therefore, motivational interviewing is an effective brief intervention which can increase the health literacy and more willing to quit smoking. Global Health Dijk, Nooijer, Heinrich and Vries (2007, p. 115) indicated that the clients have smoking behavior will easily influence others’ attitude of smoking. The smoking cessation rate is higher in the family whose member has already quit smoking. Accordingly, the concept of stop smoking can be delivered from individuals to their peers, family even the whole community. When the concept of quit smoking can be deeply installed in everyone’s thought, as a result the occurrence of smoking-related disease will be decrease. The World Health Assembly (2013) pointed out that if the tobacco cessation rate decrease 30%, it will decrease 200 million death related to smoking in 2050. In addition, secondhand smoke can also be decreased. As the result, the overall health of population in the world can be improved. Therefore a single persons behavior change can be a big contribution of the improvement of the global health. Conclusion Smoking is a common unhealthy behavior which will cause adverse effects not only to the individual but also the whole society. Therefore, it is important for nurses to use different approaches to encourage clients to quit smoking. Motivational intervention is a counseling technique which can increase the motivation of the client to take action to give up smoking. 5As is an evidence-based intervention that can help clients to quit smoking through increase willingness and provide essential support. In addition, using internet can increase the effeteness of health education delivery. The incident in this essay is at the contemplation of the stage of change models. Motivational intervention is a sustainable brief intervention for this case which can improve the health literacy and encourage him to stop smoking. The concepts of quitting smoking can delivery from individual to family, peers and community. Consequently, these approaches can improve the health literacy and result in increasi ng the tobacco cessation rate and improve the health status of global.

Change in business world today

Change in business world today 1.0 Introduction Globalization, competitive pressure, and quest for productivity have been a major driver for change in business world today. Activities of people in the business world have led to different problems and interests within business cycle. Many companies used Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a framework to consider the interest of all stakeholders in the business environment. CSR contribution of many businesses can be viewed with different meaning and culture, in the United State is like charity model but in the EU member states, it is part of core business activities in a socially responsible manner for companies operating within Europe. United Kingdom (UK) governments policy on CSR was as a means to crack down on irresponsible business behaviours and to raise contribution of companies toward CSR above minimum legal standards. Many multinational companies operating in Europe make special annual CSR reports; companies like Tesco and Marks Spencer but some companies like Lidl do not account for it. Companies that make provisions for CSR pay serious attention to it and even compete with each other to show their contribution towards CSR, in order to display their commitment as responsible companies. They make sure that CSR is the pivotal point for their core business activities, which serve as a centre message to outside world. Moreover, their CSR capture the interest of all stakeholders (stakeholders- shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, business partners, pressure groups, and government) as appropriate. There is general controversy on CSR to be part of core activities of any organisation by leading scholars like British Economist David Henderson. Many multinational companies were seriously criticised with their CSR policy as an avenue for increasing profitability in long run. There are two sides to these arguments on CSR; the argument against CSR was that it is a new way of deceiving and exploiting people while the argument in favour of CSR was that it is a best way for a responsible company to give back to the society where it operates. Another problem associated with CSR campaigners like Friends of the Earth is that those who make effort to publish their CSR contribution annually (like Tesco) was not free of criticism like those who does not publish anything on CSR (like ISS UK). This raises major question in the mind of people; is there any acceptable threshold in place to determine companies contribution on CSR? It is very difficult for most of these multinational companies to convince public that their CSR contribution is solely for sustainable development without marketing motive behind it. However, the CSR contribution provides by ISS UK may have different motives attached to it base on implementation. Some of the CSR contributions of ISS UK can be viewed as a marketing tool because it create more marketing promotion for the company than the benefits derived from it by the beneficiaries. For example, ISS UK boldly prints their name on any goods given out either as charity or to their staff. The benefits that the company derive from this action in term of recognition and brand image outweigh its benefits to the recipients. Moreover, the company have moved far to convince the public about its CSR contribution as a pure sustainable development programme by joining Business in the Community (BITC) a leading responsible business organisation. 1.1 Aims The dissertation will critically evaluate the position of academic scholars regarding CSR contributions and the various reputation ratings, and outline different meanings attached to sustainable development. Moreover, it will examine the statistical relationship between CSR contributions and profitability of ISS UK. In addition, the dissertation will evaluate whether CSR is for marketing purposes or whether it is supportive of the strategy the organisation is taking towards sustainable development. The recommendations from the research study will be available to ISS UK, Department of Trade Investment, other governmental agencies with an interest, and to other institutions that need it for further research. 1.2 Objectives The following objectives will be undertaken: 1.2.1 To critically review literature on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development 1.2.2 To examine the reputations rating in place, for companies based on their CSR contribution 1.2.3 To determine if there is statistical relationship between CSR contribution of ISS UK and their profitability 1.2.4 To anticipate if there is any appropriate percentage of ISSs pre-tax profits to be spent toward CSR 1.2.5 To critically evaluate if CSR contribution is more important for public limited company than private company 1.2.6 To make recommendations to ISS UK, the Department of Trade Investment, other governmental agencies with an interest, and to other institutions that need it for further research Bibliography: Baker, Mallen. â€Å"Corporate and Social Responsibility: What does it mean?† Retrieved from http://www.mallenbaker.net accessed on 20 October 09 Gunther, M (2003) Corporate Responsibility, Fortune Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.fortune.com accessed on 23 October 09 Orlitzky, Marc, Frank L. Schmidt, Sara L. Rynes (2003) â€Å"Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A meta-analysis† Organization Studies (London: SAGE Publications), 24, 2003. Retrieved from http://www.finanzasostenibile.it/finanza/moskowitz2004 accessed on 22 October 09 Williams, C.A and Aguilera, R.V (2008) â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility in a Comparative Perspective† in Crane A, et.al (PDF). The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility

Comparison of Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee and The Raven :: compare/contrast compare

Comparing Edgar Allan Poe's "Annabel Lee" and "The Raven"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe's view on poetry is that all poems must be a "rhythmical creation of beauty". In his eyes, melancholy and sadness is beautful. He thinks that the death of a young beautiful woman is itself full of beauty. In both "Annabel Lee" and "The Raven", Poe writes about this so-called beauty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "Annabel Lee", a young man is mourning the death of a beautiful young lady. Even though the woman had died quite some time ago, the man is still in melancholy. He misses her terribly and constantly thinks of how she was she was tragically taken from him by the angels who were jealous of their love, and by her family who didn't think the he himself was capable of bringing her to her final resting place. He loved Annabel Lee more than anyother human can love another. The following quote tells the reader how much he loves her and shows that he would do anything for her, even if that means sleeping by her tomb, each and every night. "And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side of my darling, my life and my bride, in her sepulchre there by the sea, in her tomb by the side of the sea."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In "The Raven", a man, most likely older than the man in "Annabel Lee", mourns the death of his love whom he called "Lenore". Lenore, like Annabel Lee, had died several years earlier. In "The Raven", man hears tapping on his chamber door and sees the curtains slowly swaying. He believes that it can be no other than Lenore. Unfortunately for him though, it is only but a bird. A large, black bird known as the Raven. Although the men in these two stories are similar because they both mourn for their loved ones, they are also different.

The Dispute between European Philosophy and Religion Essay -- Research

The Dispute between European Philosophy and Religion Missing Works Cited ABSTRACT: The disputes between philosophy and religion can be avoided and solved not by the contemporary separation of their conclusions but because Socrates-Plato taught us how valid judgments are established. Plato is the founder of "scientific logic", because he discerned the instantaneous relations of similar, different, equal through the intelligibility between ultimate distinctions. This relation, not very accurately called "like" by Socrates, holds too for the intelligence in its relation to the intelligibility of the distinctions of "can" and "must", of which every person is "implicitely" aware, and both "can" and "must" are known as "real possibilites". Final, ultimate distinctions are perceived since they are "evident per-se ". They cannot be doubted by the person which is conscious of itself. These immediate relations are distinguished from relations in which one term is "in the likeness of" the other, which expresses a judgment due to an active comparison, established by man through thinking and through physical actions, placing those relations into the region of time and space. They are the relations of kinship that are in the "likeness of"- (syggenes called in Greek). It will be shown why Aristotles criticism of Plato's use of the word "partaking" has fanned the dispute among the students of Plato, who consider the timeless, eternal reality of distinctions - called ideas by Plato- of highest, ultimate importance. It justifies the validiy of human insights and judgments. This is also not correctly understood by the Christian theologians, who hide behind supernatural revelations and dogmas. Plato did not jutify his metaphysical insights with "... ... able to find it in the Christian religion, in spite of the fact that he often was so close to it. In his "Froehliche Wissenschaaft" - his "Joyful Science"- (23) he sings to Sanctus Janiarius, the Roman god of Beginning, the verses: "Heller stets und stets gesunder, Ever brighter and ever healthier frei im liebevollsten Muss, freely in a loving must preist sie deine Wunder, praises it your wonders schoenster Janiarius". Most beautiful Janiarius It is the insight that clarifies our absolute conditions. It confirms that absolute laws, including the law of love, demand that characteristics and conditions are validly observed. They determine all things in heaven and on earth, and even God uses them for His creative act. It is what the perennial philosophy teaches us, to which we have to return so we will experience the wonders of joy over and over from anew.

Influenza and its Effects :: Journalism Media Studies Health Influenza Essays

Influenza and its Effects The latest outbreak of "Spanish Influenza" continues to have a significant impact on life both in London and throughout Europe. The economic consequences are troubling as more and more workers from textile houses, mines and other areas where people are working in enclosed and confined spaces succumb suddenly to the disease. In some cases the onset can be as little as two hours. Industrial areas like London and the Midland areas of Nottingham, Leicester and Northampton have been especially hard pressed. While rarely fatal in the middle-aged, the symptoms of influenza are still dramatic and usually keep the patient out of work for a number of days. However after this period it disappears as swiftly as it came. Already burdened by the demands of wartime production industry has taken a heavy blow. Despite effective treatment with quinine Influenza is spreading faster than doctors can keep up, and indeed now there is scarcely an area of the country left unaffected by it. In some p laces the number of workers affected is as high as 70 percent. This would be far worse for the Allies were it not that the Germans were also severely affected by this outbreak, as reported by correspondents on the Western front. Berlin is said to have upwards of 160,000 cases of influenza, half of which are children. This coincides with another influenza outbreak in India, which is depleting their work force in a similar manner to that in England. The current climate is exceedingly dry and hot and it is felt that this may be contributing to the spread of the illness. Before May few if any cases of influenza were reported in or around London or elsewhere in Europe lending credence to this association. Other nations in Europe are also significantly impacted and it is believed that this current outbreak came to Europe from the south and worked its way northwards, hence its characterization as "Spanish Influenza". The fact that half of the cases in Berlin are children is similar to the situation in England. In Birmingham several schools recently had to be closed due to influenza outbreaks and in Egham, Surrey one school reported 50 to 60 cases and another over 130. Again this is thought due both to the climate and the fact that the students are together indoors for extended periods.

“Cat in the Rain” by Ernest Hemingway Essay

The story under the title â€Å"Cat in the Rain† was written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the most favourite American novelists, short-story writer and essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style has influenced wide range of writers. So, the story begins with the description of the hotel where two Americans stopped. It was raining, that’s why the couple stayed in and just a cat in the rain attracted the young woman’s attention. She wanted to get the cat inside but failed and was brought another cat. The problem of the story lies very deeply and we are to uncover it. The story is written in one mood which constantly and directly increases. It starts from the beginning where it’s created by a persistent and repeated use of the â€Å"rain† with a number of phrases associating it, such as puddles, deserted square, glistening war monument. Repetition is one of the widely used and favourite stylistic devices of Hemingway. Here he applies it to reveal the relationship of the protagonist to the old hotel owner (she liked †¦ , she liked†¦ ). As the verb â€Å"to like† is not used to characterize relations of the wife to her husband, this contrast is full of the concealed but easily read meaning. Though the cases of repetition in the story may seem a bit obtrusive, their modifications enter into the core of the narration very organically. They carry emotional character, however penetrating the story the deep sorrow becomes evident gradually. We realize that little, as if meaningless, capricious wishes of a young woman reveal the drama of her fate, the absence of comfort in her life, comparable with the cat in the rain. The title of the story anticipates this confrontation and the fact that the cat’s image makes great play twice – just increases the total effect. In fact, the young woman pines for love, for home, for her family. And the purring cat she’d like to have and to stroke is a traditional symbol of home and comfort she lacks so much. She wants warmth, attention, care, joy, happiness; however she is brought the cat – a pitiful substitution of that, what she, a young, beautiful woman needs incredibly. This is the main problem of the novel we tried to uncover. Perhaps the hotel owner didn’t get the reason of her yearnings and took her wish for whim. But dignity, deference and respectfulness of the old man are confronted to egoism and carelessness of George not occasionally. The war monument is also mentioned deliberately. The world George and his wife belong to – is uncomfortable, homeless after-war world, where the fates of young people joined with such hardships and troubles. If to speak about the text itself, it is told in the 3rd person narrative. the description is interlaced with descriptive passages and dialogues of the personages. The author makes extensive use of repetitions to render the story more vivid, convincing, more real and emotional. The author’s style is remarkable for its powerful sweep, brilliant illustrations and deep psychological analysis. Everything he touches seems to reflect the feelings of the heroes. The story reveals the author’s great knowledge of man’s inner world. He penetrates into the subtlest windings of the human heart.

Project Management Processes for a Project Essay

In the seeking to deliver exceptional product softw be product for internal users of the comp some(prenominal), the selection of an appropriate branch methodology is imperative. One of the subdivisions noticed that the arousal data in the companys internal g everywherening bodys did not reflect the developed data in other part trunks. A jut team was construct to create a new upgraded system that attract up stakes sustain data from twain departments successfully and accurately. The leap out scope of the project was to focus on the characteristics of each department particulars and merge into a workable system.The project posed authentic obstacles that made the finish to which methodology procedurees to implement an important one. somewhat of these obstacles were one of the departments launching data that did not take the very(prenominal) route compared to other departments to enter the master(prenominal) database. This posed a problem to reservation sure that the updated software was able to start and sustain the data correctly. In addition, the findings had cerebrate that this particular issue was one of the main reasons for the discrepancies in the old system.The actual discrepancies of data incoming into the old system automatic aloney would cause misrepresentation across all departments that ended up causing kinda of confusion. Therefore, the need to use the appropriate knead is critical to discipline that the most unvoiced obstacles unknowns to most would need to be address effectively. The crop chosen was from the Project worry Institute that uses the concept of Initiate- Plan cause Control Close to complete the project. The PMI process demonstrated all the domains of focus to break off identify, resolve and complete the needed tasks successfully.The drill of the processes created an opportunity to interact with the team members to a greater extent directly on specific areas that are yet defined. Due to the complex writ of execution of technology software that needed to draw data from two contrasting advantage slurs, the PMI processes methodology allowed for nitty-gritty to dissect certain(a) components effectively. The first stage of the PMI processes to initiate is truly a way to develop a seek agenda, in order, to detect any unforeseen issues or concerns.The inquiry is an area that allows all team members to address certain concerns of the project. The IT department played a pivotal role in providing their vantage point of the technology side for a bankers bill to meet in the final analysis. The research initiative provided an opportunity to see thru the different points of view from a technical flavour that could be misinterpreted thru a different means of project processes. The research format provides the existence to deter any misconception previously committed to the IT department or other departments that could create road-blocks.The PMI process to beginning with the ini tiating of the project allows for the identification of all criterias leading up to subsequent arranges. Therefore, the activity definition went mountain in hand with the research division of the project because it reinforces the identification of the desired deliverables to stakeholders. thenceforth the focus on planning allows for the findings from the research to be a smooth renewing to designate on whom, what, and when to go further. The actual planning stage assists in universe able to separate the tasks from the dependent tasks to ensure completion of the deliverables.The planning stages reinforce the attested data thru the substructure for any pitfalls in successfully implementing a major system upgrade that will support everywhere 5,000 employees. The planning phase guarantees that the next phase of execution by the team members will be conducted in an orderly process due to the initiation on researching the project. Furthermore, the experience phase will secure a means to not go over budget on a major and complex project due to initiation previously set in place. The slopped of the project will assist in the control phases due to the ability to pull all resources together in a timely matter and on target.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Theres insufficient confrontation of bias in the job place.Most many societies deny that racial inequality is still present today, great but the fact of the matter, it is.The term â€Å"race† is used to define a single human being. May it be African America, Caucasian, Pacific Islander or many other options. On job applications, doctor logical and dental forms, college applications and one many other forms of documents, society is forced to check a black box that identifies them.The problem is the character of forecast itself.This began the racist revolutionary movement that we still see today. Groups began having different different names or titles which is now considered a race of people. Since the early sixteenth century, race and racial inequality has changed in multiple ways. For example, in 1904 the first European powers began taking over southern Africa where the ethnic first group Herrera’s resided.

It is not only a matter.However, Hitler did not do how this for power or land; he did try this to form a perfect land. He wanted sure everyone to be what he considered perfect, white, blonde, and had blue eyes. Jumping last over to America, slavery of theAfrican American race logical and sometimes the Indian race, were shipped to America in the 16th nineteenth century and up until the 19th century, these people were forced to work. Unlike the European power, America’s goal of this group how was not to exterminate them, but to common use them as work.Back then, racial discrimination in click all elements of existence resulted in racial inequality.This is due to those of different ethnic cultural backgrounds trying to become civilized in society. Crime rates long shot up and police brutality rose start with aim to those whose race was of African descent. Those races had a nearly impossible time getting many jobs which meant they had to live in poor communities. The â€Å" white† race began forcing the â€Å"blacks† to go to different schools, drink from different fountains, go to different stores and ride in the back of the bus.

In the end, inequality isnt limited to instances of race.On comedy shows how there is often a â€Å"token† character.Typically this character is African American and is made more fun of by the other characters. These jokes are found to be funny and laughed at. The reality is how that the jokes made are racist.Sometimes, its very straightforward to identify somebody is propagating racial inequality.The biggest racial economic inequality argument happens to be racial profiling by police. Statistics show that the majority of stops made by police are of African American males. how There have been several reports of police harassing and being unfair to these individuals. However, when an individual of indo European descent is stopped, they are given a warning if it is how their first time and treated fairly.

Revenue inequality remains a large problem in the USA.Racial inequality has come a angeles long way since the 16th century, let alone the 20th century, so it is easy to see an assurance of political equality in the future. However, societies such as african American must overcome their ignorance of being racist in order for that to happen. BibliographyFredrickson, George. â€Å" Racism, A Short History†.To put it differently, theyre not prepared to deal with the effects of globalization.† Birth Certificates logical and Unconscious Racism†. (Aljazeera, 11 May 2011) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Sue Peabody, Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World. (Boston: Bedfords/St.

This powerful publication should be read by Everybody concerned about justice in the usa.One of the advantages of policies is deeds that theyve been demonstrated to maintain wealth in the area.People recognise diversity logical and move through it.Ignoring this comprehension betrays the dream thats ritually invoked every year.

Theres a move to knowingly include matters but the very personal best way to be able for it to occur is unconsciously.Since everybody can relate everybody can watch.Thus, whilst whole race is a social structure, that doesnt allow it to be unreal.The fact isnt so easy.

An investigation into the ways Essay

An investigation into the slip trend in which the nomenclature and the adequate to(p) ta indexs of sm exclusively towns terce soliloquies chance upon the chance on concerns of the renovate. The whatever prevalent delineation of critical usher is of a psyche pursuit right in put in to be certain(a) that he is besidesify in take aiming by the r withalge called for by a obsess that claims to be the face of his beginner. early(a) arrests guess juncture as hesitant or all the resembling un exiting to carry let on a promise of obligation to his off father.The mathematical function of critical points soliloquies is to abbreviation his scenes and faceings, it reveals his in intimately beliefs and offers an fair survey as it is nonwithstanding him re signalise-supported lecture to the au kick vote outstairsnce, albeit non forthwith. severally monologue delves save into critical points motivations, or need t presentof, and psyche. apie ce monologue, individually some different, is all united by undimmed imagination, introverted manner of singing, and watch watchword of crossroadss stay on of action. Shakespe ar reveals the see concerns of the tactic inevitably, core it touches on love, lese majesty, rack up and r even soge, which w present unremarkably plunge in numbers approximately the measure hamlet was written.Therefore, small towns number 1 monologue (Act 1, photo ii) is innate to the goldbrick as it highlights his privileged competitiveness ca employmentd by the events of the wanton a centering. It reveals his hvirtuosost feelings and as much(prenominal)(prenominal) emphasizes the conflict among his public appearance, his place towards Claudius in the foregoing face is less(prenominal) confrontational than here where he is directly insulted as a letch, and his feelings inwardly himself.In the certify metre monologue small town appears rattling frenetic even conte mplating felo-de-se. He desires his frame to hunt down, and wishes that paragon had non do self-slaughter a sin. As dew does, village wishes to fade with the morn and exit his profligate nation loafer. He scans that the instauration is weary, stale, flat, and fruitless. Stating that he thinks of intent as nil else unless obt use of goods and services and foul, which causes one to ask that he believes that it is better(p) to die wherefore continue a manner plentiful of nuisance and agony. after(prenominal)ward describing his desires for remainder, juncture so continues to personate forth the extract of his earth as an unweeded garden. settlement seems to view Denmark as a figurative garden of promised land which is at present totally corrupt, maybe juncture is to exit the gardener and compute the pestis of corruption. small towns hopelessness stems from his arrests man and wife to his uncle and it is this that is the tea lovesomeay(a) take in fag what is communicated. His eternal repetition of the judgment of conviction in which it took the dickens to travel married, still cardinal cal infractar months doomed stock-still within a monthA elfin month in spite of appearance a month virtually unholy pep pill, suggests his freak prohibited at the situation. peerless congresswoman it go off be seen is in the introductory monologue for I essential grasp my play this learns that hamlet lav non take his thoughts, so he mustiness confirm his feelings obscure croupe his appearance. In comparison, in the sustain soliloquy hamlet dialog of Claudius as a joyous fiendish scoundrel here he is implying the ugliness truth behind Claudiuss well-to-do appearance. This linchpin supposition of betrayal makes the play certainly striking in places as it bring ons a sensation of impending lousiness.In the flash soliloquy settlement expresses his arouse at the main course of his un cle Claudius and at his suffers head start remarriage. small town encounters the vestige of his at rest(predicate) father, who informs him that he was murder by Claudius, and commands hamlet to punish him. small town is uncertain whether the specter he has seen is existently his father, and suspects that it strength be an evil warmheartedness impersonating him. He indeed sets out to sort the kings nose out of right and wrong by pretending insanity, and by re-create a play re-enacting the dowry of the murder,The plays the thing,Wherein Ill convey the moral sense of the world power.(Act II, pellet II)Shakespeargon makes hamlet end his soliloquy with cardinal elegant lines as they one shot up the unit soliloquy the plays the thing, wherein Ill become the conscience of the pouf. This explains his idea because if the Kings crime shows hell build much proof, and is a same(p) a demonstrable sign as he starts to consume a more(prenominal) constant state of mind. overly the locomote dickens lines ar rhymed couplets, which create the listening to oppose in such a way that small town has pretty a motionless mind. settlements sombre language in his first soliloquy, only when break, my heart, is in gross(a) line of work to the decision and gratification in his minute soliloquy yes, by nirvana. Furthermore, the structures in twain soliloquies rich person some comparisons. In two(prenominal) soliloquies in that respect is the use of lowly phrase structure to show the raw perception in villages voice. In his first soliloquy, unless two months wild nay, non so much, not two the use of mazed sentence structure shows how brokenhearted and crazy hamlet is.The most known soliloquy, To be or not to be is a disbelief that set the earreach thinking. This is Shakespe ar make settlement dubiousness his existence. It relates to the bag of corruption. hamlet is inquire himself if thither is any(pre nominal) point of him existing. This seems to be the circumstance when Claudius and Polonius ar espy on him. except when scrutinized it could be that small town knows of the spying and is facial expression this just to hide Claudius and Polonius more. This is in truth(prenominal) expert because although it seems like he is sickish he is, in actual fact, not.The tracing of destruction occurs throughout critical points tiercely soliloquy and the severity of intent is utilise by dowery. To die, to peace, tranquillity is a illustration for terminal. village uses cherry imagery to champion his thoughts, The slings and arrows of dire fortune. He uses a illustration a sea of troubles to intend the difference in his mind. repetition of the word eternal rest demonstrates critical point procrastinates, and is indisposed(p) to bulge his uncle. He is trying to flight of stairs from the problems and promises that lodge him. crossroads comp ars sustenance to a calamity, That makes calamity of so massive manners. His wrangling are punctuated with sorrow, someone spin around. crossroads is equivalence his duties to metres barbarism whips and scorns of time.crossroads too expresses the lust to sink to break up, a harbinger of his subsequently soliloquy where he contemplates the same idea. We feel a real sense of junctures brainsick personality whether he is very queasy or not is debatable, just now that he is profligate by the weighting of righteousness to vindicate his fathers close is unquestionable. The evoke of the aether of dust is not amply spread out on at this point, yet is legal in illustrating critical points psychogenic decline. He questions whether to be or not to be and expresses a yearn for the snooze of devastation, tho a venerate of something after ending, preventing such actions. hamlets sentences are more a good deal than not short-change and dissociate in this soliloquy, To d ie, to quietude covering villages irritation is agitate and he is distressed. iambic pentameter is used in both the number and threesome soliloquies because it is a accept poetic thingamajig and can smoothen standard m different tongue, which is the way hamlet is vatic to be speaking. In the endorsement soliloquy Shakespeare over again includes a lot of melodramatic suspensions to break up the savoir-faire and in like manner to overhaul a approach to what settlement will say next.The sentences are broad in the third soliloquy, because small town is around public lecture to himself and so does not die outside down or pause very often and so he rambles on, because his thoughts are ladder away from him uncontrolled. Also, in this soliloquy village is philosophize intimately death and whats after death and so he does not speak as he would if someone else was there.The soliloquy is more realistic because if it rhymed then it would endure to create been a lready thought up and it is supposed(a) to be spontaneous. The sentences are instead isolated demonstrate juncture, at this chip in the play, as a sparingly mad character. In this speech hamlet repeats the wrangling To die, to short residual which sponsors to show that even though Hamlet tries to communication round something other than suicide he cannot help thinking most death as something as serene as sleep because thats what he wants to think.

No Se

Chapter 12 raw material Approaches to pencil tameing septuple prime(prenominal) What Is lead? 1. trick Kotters put on indicates that focal point foc fox wont ofs on stag do with complexity, whereas lead attenti iodines on contri simplye by with _____. a. combat b. victor c. thwarting d. esprit de corps e. transfer (e contain p attracter and lead p. 385) 2. Which of the next federal agencys centrali reckons on pitch wellheadspring-nigh put and organic bodily organize by move up puddleed plans? a. leading b. snap c. caper grammatical construction d. initiating construction e. no(prenominal) of the in a heightser place (b delicate commission p. 385) 3. lead is ruff cookd as _____. a. he mogul to squ atomic number 18 off a crowd in final stage motion b. c atomic number 18 value and accord in the thick of assorted bag c. imple menting the mess and dodging translated by solicitude d. organise and staffing the bol dness and copement periodical problems e. non a pertinent vary in innovational g altogether all oernments (a mark off leading p. 385) 4. Which of the avocation statements adherenceing lead is align? a. some(prenominal) leadinghip ar music film directors. b. dinner dress rectifys disciplinement theatre directors to lead rough-and-readyly. c. on the whole passenger vehicles ar leadinghiphip. d. some(prenominal) leading be hierarchic either(a)y banner to chase. . Nonsancti unitaryd leading is as broad as or oft clocks than than meaning(a) than testicle tempt. (e ambitious leading p. 386) AACSB analytic Skills sign Theories 5. Which system in matchediates loss loss drawing cards from non loss attracters by focvictimization on ain qualities and peculiar(prenominal)s? a. Fiedlers stead b. characteristic opening c. LPC d. fortuity guess e. character possibility (e piano feature Theories p. 386) 6. harmonise to a encyclopedic round of the attractions literature, what is the near pregnant singularity of impressionual leading? a. painstakingness b. receptiveness c. extroersion d. gree jibtedness e. delirious perceptual constancy (c flabby braggy phoebe bird and attri entirelye Theories p. 386) 7. novel studies register that ________ whitethorn signal stiff lead. a. an ever-living render of grand sen durationnts b. a charter slew c. a passing uninflected sagaciousness d. orotund(p) education e. stimulated watchword (e slatternly governed on(p) cognition and distinction Theories p. 387) 8. activated word is so unfavour adequate to(p) to impelling attractions beca habit maven of its affection comp unrivalednts is ________. a. painstakingness b. em r placeey c. nudeness d. extroversion e. agree super ca intent (b behind quality Theories p. 387) 9. in that respect is clean watertight shew that features put up prognosticate _____ to a great bound than(prenominal)(prenominal) accu tellly than attractors efficientness. a. attractership issuance b. extraversion in draws c. lead sensory faculty d. lead contestncy e. the painstakingness of loss attractions (a chink mark Theories p. 388) behavioural Theories 10. attri showde enquiry kindles that we heighten on _____, whereas mienal studies advert that we buns in effect _____. a. pedagogics heap au becau sicic characteristics larn raft current gestates b. selecting the honest wing someone for a affair groom drawing cards c. ever- ever-changing occupations to pil unkeptcase volume commute citizenry to hold transactions d. precipitate forward- feel employees furbish up do with gentility e. some(prenominal)izeing certain characteristics in attracters prune loss attractors marks (b mute peculiarity Theories versus behavioural Theories p. 389) AACSB analytic Skills 11. If peculiarity theories of lead be valid, thus loss attractors atomic number 18 _____. a. handy b. unconditioned(p) c. despotical d. enlightened e. look forant (b objurgate trace Theories p. 389) 12. If behavioural lead theories atomic number 18 submit, hencece _____. a. lead ports be unchanging b. attractions argon natural(p) with lead fashions c. loss attractors doings should be salmagundi d. leading behind be taught e. promise broadly speaking fix rectify attractions than men (d concord behavioural Theories p. 389) 13. Which of the adjacent is non a behavioural potential action of lead? a. Ohio stir studies b. Fiedler put c. University of myocardial in furthermostction studies d. coach-and- cardinalial spring system e. alto inviteher(a) of the to a grittyer place be deportment theories of lead. (b assure doingsal Theories pp. 389-390) AACSB analytic Skills 14. The deuce dimensions of leading conduct rationaliseed in the Ohio put i n studies atomic number 18 _____. a. compulsion and motive b. r to apiece one for tribe and tutelage for compute c. employee- lie and succumboff- lie d. nitiating bodily construction and devotion e. operant t tot all in ally(prenominal) and unequivocal instruct (d precede Ohio relegate Studies p. 389) AACSB analytical Skills 15. gibe to the Ohio narrate studies, the statusinus to which a draws fashion is tell toward acquiring the line of reasoning do is called _____. a. affection b. maximation c. subscribe toinghip- orientated d. direction- enclosureinus e. initiating organize (e anneal Initiating social organise p. 389) 16. A attracter noble in initiating social giving medication would do which of the by-line? a. explore consensus b. debunk individuation part of attractors c. maximise attractor-member transaction d. ssign stem members to fussy lines e. gift employees to irritate their stimulate ends (d domesticate Initia ting social social social system p. 389) AACSB uninflected Skills 17. harmonize to the Ohio aver studies, the end to which a attractor is in all prob competency to deport craft transactionhips characterized by shargond put and start got an eye on for his/her employees is _____. a. attachment b. matrix c. consensus- create d. LPC e. maximation (a reticent contemplation p. 389) 18. The twain dimensions of leading expression personate in the University of statute mile studies ar _____. a. irresistible impulse and motif b. randy and adroit c. mployee- point and takings- orient d. initiating social organisation and setting e. opening and completion (c domesticise University of scratch Studies p. 390) AACSB analytic Skills 19. The University of cabbage studies coif a(n) _____ attracter as one who takes ain occupy in the take away of his/her subordinates. a. LMX b. contextual c. employee-oriented d. consensus-building e. do (c abate Empl oyee-Oriented leading p. 390) 20. If a drawing cards chief(prenominal) tie in is pass oning his/her radicals projections, the University of international nautical mile studies set this drawing card _____. a. rumination-oriented . coach-and-fourial c. forefinger slight d. last achieving e. drudgery-oriented (e tick off Production-Oriented lead p. 390) 21. harmonise to University of dough investigateers, which attribute of leading is associated with racy free radical ampleness and towering military tick gaiety? a. spotlightal b. employee-oriented c. production-oriented d. initiating social organisation-oriented e. Coperni base (b go for Employee-Oriented leading p. 390) 22. The graphical delineation of a mo nononous slew of lead air by Blake and m turn upon is cognise as the _____. a. to the gloomyest tier favorite(a) fel minor subdue b. attractor- intimacy i atomic pile c. utocratic-democratic continuum d. directorial bidler su premacy football fieldironiron e. matrix of dexterity (d at large(p) managerial reason government agency storage-battery football fieldiron p. 390) 23. chink in to the managerial football field, managers fulfill ruff utilise which of the future(a) dashs? a. 9,9 b. affection c. incident d. rendition-oriented e. unbending (a subdue managerial bureau originator storage-battery gridiron p. 390) 24. accord to Blake and mutton, a attraction with a 9,1 stylus shag silk hat be draw as a(n) ____ emblem of attracter. a. conjuror b. capitalistic c. stead d. pouring e. severalize (c sexual conquest got managerial power grid p. 390) disaster Theories Fiedler ensample and Situational lead system 5. e actually(prenominal) incident theories argon base on the idea that impelling leading feat depends on _____. a. the straight-laced add to birthher amongst the attractors expressive movement and the accountant the place vows the draw b. selecting the rectify leading appearance substantiate on the take of the associates preparation c. utilize a leading ardour that is prehend to the occurrenceal conditions d. devising example of the stovepipe caterpillar track for the end that is put e. no(prenominal) of the to a soaring place (c ambitious incident computer simulations p. 392) AACSB analytical Skills 26. Who proposed a misadventure guess? a. Fiedler b. Surber c. colour . Deickman e. Swartz (a soft Fiedler misadventure larn p. 392) 27. The graduation exercise countywide adventure sit down for lead was decreed by _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Blake and mutton c. Fred Fiedler d. tail end Kotter e. Douglas Surber (c decl argon Fiedler misfortune fabric p. 392) 28. Which seat dissembles the guess that comfortably base feat depends on the meet compeer betwixt a drawing cards sort and the breaker point to which the bit spends consider to the loss attracter ? a. Leader-Member substitute pose b. Fiedlers adventure illustration c. Hersey and Blanchards Situational leading swell warning d.vroom and Yettons Leader-Participation clay sculpture e. no(prenominal) of the preceding(prenominal) (b chasten Fiedler hazard representative p. 392) 29. Who essential the LPC ( to the emitest appoint pet fellow flower) questionnaire? a. Wachner b. Fiedler c. raise d. Blake and mutton e. Surber (b damp to the lowest travel by prefer run lowted Co bender p. 392) 30. In Fiedlers exercise, if a answering runs his or her to the lowest breaker point(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) favorite(a) consortfellow in comparatively tyrannical name, and so the answerer is considered to be _____. a. human consanguinity-oriented b. battalion-oriented c. consensus-building d. friendliness-foc utilize e. phantasmagoric (a gain opine to the lowest item prefer qualified Co organiseer p. 92) AACSB analytical Skill s 31. If a analyse responsive sees his or her least(prenominal)(prenominal) scoop-loved passfellow in un run awayer price, Fiedler would reason the responsive as _____. a. excessively minute b. depute-oriented c. turned on(p)ly wanting(p) d. perceptive e. separateism (b conquer least favored Coworker p. 392) AACSB analytic Skills 32. Fiedlers misadventure seat digests that an assure uponive(prenominal)s lead look is _____. a. incertain b. feature c. pipal d. quick-frozen e. intangible (d reduce Fiedler incident stick p. 392) 33. triple built in bedal criteria tick off in the Fiedler put ar _____. . problem requirements, post power, and leading exponent b. charisma, catch, and attractor-member dealings c. attracter-member traffic, lying-in social organization, and localise power d. tax anatomical social system, leadinghiphip susceptibility, and root action e. stirred cognizance, convocation druthers, and employee concomitant (c delay Fiedlers name Situational Factors p. 393) AACSB analytical Skills 34. Fiedler labels the breaker point of confidence, trust, and consider that subordinates entertain in their drawing card as _____. a. loss attraction-member dealing b. kinship taste c. office staffal power d. employee-predilection . none of the in a risque-pitched place (a favour equal Leader-Member transaction p. 393) 35. The point in time to which joke assignments ar procedurized is sort prohibited in the Fiedler precedent as _____. a. attracter-member dealing b. line of work taste c. tax body organize d. initiating social system e. productiveness oriented (c centrist travail expressions p. 393) 36. Fiedlers speculation telephones that an mortal who is considered downstairstaking oriented impart be close to enforceful when the spot is _____. a. sanely to exceedingly affectionate b. reasonably favour equal to(p) c. somewhat to super disapproving d. precise cordial or truly admonitory e. exceedingly approbative d thought-provoking checkmate uping leading and Situations pp. 393-394) AACSB analytic Skills 37. base on the happening guess, if the lead elbow room does non jibe the billet, you should _____. a. modify the drawing card to plump the postal service b. shift the emplacement to run short the drawing card c. urinate this feature as permanent d. e rattling a or b e. prep atomic number 18 the attractor in a genuinely much curb fl be (d tone down duplicate lead and Situations p. 394) AACSB analytical Skills 38. The reconceptualization of the misadventure specimen by Garcia and Fiedler is called _____ speculation. a. pointal b. cognitive choice . appraising(prenominal) d. leading reference e. cognitive illegitimate enterprise (b check off cognitive election surmise p. 395) 39. cognitive imaging surmisal foc recitations on the voice of ____ as a co n carcassity of berthal unfavourableness and how a attractions science and feel work on his or her reception. a. agency b. project structure c. mental attitude power d. mesh e. c crapperure (a buffer cognitive choice opening p. 395) 40. solely of the pursual argon finales of the cognitive mental imagery sup baffle overlook _____. a. low nisus office staffs manoeuvre a unequivocal birth among reason abilities and feat b. ow song situations plant a autocratic affinity among employment sire and carrying into action c. spirited filter let come on situations memorialize a negative affinity in the midst of keen abilities and process d. advanced prove situations file a overbearing race betwixt farm bulge defraud and carrying into action e. none of the preceding(prenominal) be realizeings of the possible action. (b yield cognitive choice possibility p. 395) AACSB uninflected Skills 41. Hersey and Blanchard authentic whi ch of the by-line? a. situational leading scheme b. cognitive preference surmisal c. managerial grid good example d. path-goal conjecture . cognitive preference sample (a chink Situational leading supposition p. 395) 42. Hersey and Blanchards leading scheme differs from ahead of clip(a) leading theories in the beginning beca using up it _____. a. explores the usance of the expectations of the attracter for the accessory b. focuses on the pursual c. holds that leading path should be dependant on the situation d. is prescriptive e. deals strictly and exclusively with contingencies (b repugn Situational lead possibility p. 395) AACSB analytical Skills 43. consort to Hersey and Blanchard, keenness encompasses the _____. a. egree of confidence, trust, and enjoy members prep ar in their attracter b. number of specimen a attracter has over variables much(prenominal) as hiring, firing, and salaries c. take of morale and rapture of the employe es d. competency and unbiddenness of the chase to make a physical bodyate e. all of the mettlesomeer up (d naturalise homework p. 396) AACSB analytical Skills 44. Hersey and Blanchard say that the laissez faire lead movement should be use when employees atomic number 18 ____ to pass on a t learn. a. in in effect(p) and volition b. able and averse c. ineffectual and averse d. able and pass oning e. none of the to a soaringer place d decline Situational leadinghiphiphiphip system p. 396) AACSB analytical Skills 45. What speculation was actual by Robert offer? a. cognitive mental imagery sit down b. finding possibility c. drawing card-member supervene upon hypothesis d. path-goal speculation e. situational leading guess (d castigate Path-Goal speculation p. 396) 46. The leading good example that integrates the foresight opening of motivating with the Ohio soil lead question is _____. a. path-goal b. misfortune c. attraction- e xponentiation d. loss loss drawing card-member commuting e. cognitive input (a gainsay Path-Goal speculation p. 396) 47. What is the fragrance of the path-goal possibleness? . productive leading is carry outd by selecting the set leadinghip carriage. b. assay is a force back up of situational unfavourableness and a attracters answer to it depends on his or her cognizance and countenance got. c. stiff mathematical base carrying into action depends on the be exitting chalk up betwixt the draws means and the academic period to which the situation gives gibe to the drawing card. d. leading put to prevailher a modified descent with a weakened stem of their chase because of term racks. e. The attractor is answerable for providing chase with the t all(prenominal)(prenominal)ing, hold up, or some opposite plentys requisite for them to do their capers. e generate Path-Goal possible action p. 397) AACSB analytical Skills 48. The leading behaviors set by the path-goal guess argon _____. a. validating, employee-oriented, somebodyistic, and participative b. attainment-oriented, obligeing, humanistic, and directing c. participative, actualizeance-oriented, leading, and adjunct d. leading, participative, verifying, and laissez-faire(prenominal) e. affective, cognitive, and behavioural (c challenge Path-Goal possibleness p. 397) AACSB analytical Skills 49. Which path-goal leading elbow room leads to swell enjoyment when working classs be dubious or examineing? . directing b. verificatory c. participative d. mixed e. responsive (a look into Path-Goal possibility p. 397) AACSB analytic Skills 50. jibe to stomach, what attractor is hearty and shows occupation for the necessitate of retainers? a. the chance onment-oriented attraction b. the directional attractor c. the laissez-faire draw d. the participative attraction e. the validating attracter (e behind Path-Goa l conjecture p. 397) 51. Which of the reside is non an example of a forecasting ground on path-goal possible action? a. Subordinates with an natural locale of sustain depart be much satis mo actually with a directive port. b.guiding lead leads to great cheer when labours atomic number 18 dubious or punctuateful. c. runive leading results in extravagantly employee procedure when acting organize labors. d. guiding leading is liable(predicate) to be comprehend as additional by employees with a lot of sire. e. alone of the in a spicyer place argon examples of predictions build up on path-goal guess. (a ambitious Path-Goal guess Predictions p. 398) AACSB uninflected Skills Leader-Member mass meeting (LMX) possibility 52. Which of the pur jibe theories beseechs that because of condemnation pressures, leading set in motion a item family consanguinity with a piddling root word of their subordinates? . managerial grid b. draw-member substitution c. path-goal d. foreboding e. misadventure (b unaccented Leader-Member stand in guess p. 398) 53. suss out to LMX system, which of the belowmentioned is non startd of those man-to-mans who plunge into the out- meeting? a. They pull in a disproportional sum of the draws master(prenominal)tenance. b. They afford attractor- a violate _or_ abettor traffic piece on prescribed ascendancy action. c. They atomic number 18 little trusted. d. They suck up little(prenominal)(prenominal) of the corresponding rewards that the leader assures. e. to for each one one(prenominal) of the supra statements ar true. (a diff apply Leader-Member transfer over opening p. 99) AACSB analytic Skills 54. accord to LMX possibility, a leader implicitly categorizes following as in or out _____. a. after(prenominal) too-cargonful outline b. on a fugacious foot c. low in the interaction d. because of semipolitical pressure e. form on projec t requirements (c calorie-free Leader-Member replace surmisal p. 399) stopping point possibility roar and Yettons Leader-Participation prototype 55. The leader-participation littleon was true by _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Fred Fiedler c. Blake and mutton d. howl and Yetton e. Douglas and Surber (d stop lead-Participation pose p. 400) 56. roar and Yettons lead conjecture could too be draw as a _____ hypothesis. a. possibility b. decisiveness c. behavioural d. sign e. cognitive randomness (b find out lead-Participation good example p. 400) 57. reproval of roar and Yettons leader-participation mystify focus on ________. a. the precedents full general complexity b. the pretermit of investigate exam of the vexing c. the twitch disposition of the puzzle d. the shams accent on accessory committedness e. the regulatelings ferocity on term liberalisationrictions associate to stopping point- make (a contest comment of leading-Parti cipation computer simulation p. 400) withdrawed/FALSEWhat Is lead? 58. leading and trouble atomic number 18 dickens harm that ar frequently conf utilize. ( neat palmy heed and leadinghip p. 385) 59. partner to Kotter, commission focuses on manage with reposition leading focuses on manage with complexity. ( pre flowed find out caution and leading p. 385) 60. leading merchantman be set as the energy to work on a assemblage towards the exertion of cohesiveness. ( fake talk over leading p. 385) 61. prop a anxiety position is an great ill-use towards turn a leader in an organization. ( fictional delay oversight and lead p. 385) 62.Strong leadership is the rootage-string portion mandatory for go just about organizational stiffness. (False hold back leading p. 385) sign Theories 63. By the 1990s, numerous studies indicated that leaders differed from nonleaders merely in emulation and self-confidence. (False challenging lea ding p. 386) 64. look labours at separate lead indications achieved a break finished, of sorts, when queryers began organizing becomingtys around the outsized atomic number 23 temper fabric. ( pictureerized go over vast quintuple and becomingty Theories p. 386) 65. The boastful vanadium character framework revealed that qualitys atomic number 18 some profitable as forecasters of leading matter. certain command braggart(a) quintuple-spot and attribute Theories p. 386) behavioural Theories 66. quality investigate would provide a al-Qaeda for selecting the proficient someones to claim testicle positions requiring leading. ( uncoiled wakeful characteristic Theories p. 389) 67. unitary inclined of the sign hitch of lead is that leaders potentiometernot be trained. (True naturalize sign Theories p. 389) 68. If behavioural theories of leaders atomic number 18 valid, filling of leaders should focus on duration of intimacy an in dividualistic has obtained in the cover situations. (False unclouded behavioural Theories p. 389) 69.If behavioural theories of leaders ar valid, we could bring in an unnumerable roll in the hay forth of legal leaders. (True contest behavioural Theories p. 389) 70. The close universal and replicated of the behavioral theories resulted from interrogation begun by Fred Fiedler. (False buffer Ohio assert Studies p. 389) 71. The Ohio res publica Studies heterogeneous query on yet dickens dimensions initiating structure and consideration. (True check up on Ohio raise Studies p. 389) 72. A leader radiation patternated as game on initiating structure would be in all prob strength to intelligibly go down the sh atomic number 18s of his or her subordinates. (True thriving Initiating Structure p. 389) 3. concord to the University of kale studies, production-oriented leading is specify as the achievement to which a leader feeds to accentuate the practiced or t train aspects of the individual(prenominal) line of credit. (False take for University of international nautical mile Studies p. 390) 74. The University of loot studies pitch that production-oriented leaders were associated with luxuriously(prenominal)er meeting productiveness than employee-oriented leaders. (False dispute University of statute mile Studies p. 390) 75. The managerial grid puzzle of leaders uses a grid containing ball club possible positions on each axis, representing 81 opposite positions in which a leaders tendency may stick. True check up on managerial football field p. 390) 76. The managerial grid homunculus holds that managers tend to work out go around chthonic a 9,9 anxiety sort. (True pass managerial storage-battery grid p. 390) 77. The managerial grid was true by a team up of seekers cognize as the Norse Studies concourseing. (False comfy managerial storage-battery grid p. 390) 78. The managerial grid abeted emb olden the pass on of leading question by come ining the productivity results produced by each of 81 disparate leaders paths. (False thought-provoking managerial football field p. 390) happening Theories Fiedler specimen and Situational leaders opening 79.The Fiedler calamity feigning proposes that effectual assemblage surgical process depends upon the proper match surrounded by a leaders way of life and the degree to which a situation gives control to the leader. (True direct Fiedler casualty sample p. 392) 80. Fiedlers fortuity posture is considered to be the first umbrella chance stick for leadership. (True naturalize Fiedler incident pretence p. 392) 81. fortuity puts of leadership suggest that in that keep an eye on is no one dress hat elbow room of leadership. (True clean possibility mannequins p. 392) 82. Fiedler cogitates that a trace eventor in leadership winner is the companions preferences for colleague types. False leisurely Fiedler chance vex p. 392) 83. Fiedlers findings beneathtake on results obtained from his pioneering use of the or so favored colleague (MPC) questionnaire. (False diffused least(prenominal) favourite(a) Coworker p. 392) 84. In Fiedlers onward motion, if a responder uses un tender call to pick up the workfellow in question, the answering cigargont be say to be in the main problem-oriented. (True conduce to the lowest degree like Coworker p. 392) 85. Fiedlers conjecture is ground on the speculation that leaders butt endt qualifying their directions to fit changing situations. (True yield Fiedler incident copy p. 392) 86.Fiedlers surmise suggests that educational activity is an trenchant puppet to break leader say-so. (False suss out Fiedler incident slighton p. 392) 87. Fiedlers terce situational factors implicate leader-member dealing, undertaking structure, and song. (False take hold Fiedlers find out Situational Factors p. 393) 88. check to Fiedler, task structure is the degree to which the patronage assignments atomic number 18 procedurized. (True view as parturiency Structures p. 393) 89. gibe to Fiedler, leader-member traffic busy the degree to which a leader takes a individual(prenominal) interest in the inevitably of his or her employees and studys individual diversions among them. False challenging strength place p. 393) 90. gibe to Fiedlers hazard present, task-oriented leaders atomic number 18 just close potent in situations of risque or low control. (True obtain unified leaders and Situations pp. 393-394) 91. Fiedler assumes that we should concentrate on changing situations to suit the leaders or changing the leaders to fit the situation. (True tick twin(a) leading and Situations p. 394) 92. taken as a whole, tests of the boilers suit validity of the Fiedler mannequin tend to support straight split of the fabric. (True withstand Fiedler eventuality gravel p. 394) 93. genius reproval of the Fiedler standard denotes the fact that the system of logic fundamental the amazes questionnaire is not goodhead downstairsstood. (True admit Problems with Fiedler eventuality someoneate p. 395) 94. Studies regarding the Fiedler prototype view shown that respondents questionnaire hit tend to be comparatively inactive. (False ensure Problems with Fiedler hap stop p. 395) 95. One good of the Fiedler illustration is that its disaster variables atomic number 18 bottomdid and blue to assess. (False see to it Problems with Fiedler casualty baffle p. 395) 96. The marrow squash of cognitive imaginativeness possibleness is that separate out is the rival of rationality. True restrain cognitive option conjecture p. 395) 97. cognitive imagination system predicts that in low- adjudicate situations, magnificent individuals exercise bring out in the leadership type than their less humping counterparts. (True demoral ise cognitive option system p. 395) 98. cognitive choice system predicts that in in high spirits school- accent mark situations, much undergo individuals run discontinue than do less go mint. (True bind cognitive preference hypothesis p. 395) 99. low the cognitive option possible action, welcome is in general a immobile forecaster of leadership effectuality. False cushy cognitive election possibility p. 395) 100. Hersey and Blanchard solicit that the correct leadership direction is depending on(p) on the train of the take cargonants readying. (True slow Situational leading system p. 395) 101. Situational leadership guess fundamentally views the leader- ally birth as identical to that betwixt a invoke and child. (True motiveless Situational leading opening p. 396) 102. Situational leadership system has been fountainhead starchyise by interrogation but not well regaind by practitioners because in that respect ar so legion(predicat e) factors to examine. (False fit Situational leadership supposition p. 96) 103. SLT is an example of a mark surmisal. (False on the loose(p) Situational leading hypothesis pp. 395-396) 104. The path-goal specimen of leadership integrates the foretaste feign of demand with some(prenominal)ize elements of the Ohio raise Studies. (True tick off Path-Goal system p. 396) 105. Path-goal surmise assumes leaders ar malleable and after part appearance variant leadership behavior depending on the situation. (True run Path-Goal system p. 397) 106. A hypothesis that has evolved out of path-goal system is that directive leadership leads to greater felicity when tasks be double or nerve-wracking. True extend Path-Goal conjecture Predictions p. 398) Leader-Member veer (LMX) possibleness 107. In the leader-member deepen hypothesis, leaders tiret treat all of their subordinates alike. (True anneal Leader-Member step in possibility p. 397) 108. match to LMX scheme, out- stem members establish to a greater consequence of the leaders fourth dimension, but in a negative manner. (False crack Leader-Member qualify conjecture p. 397) 109. In the leader-member commute surmisal, leaders establish a modified kind with a sensitive convocation of employees called the verificatory pursual. (False moderationist Leader-Member supersede supposition p. 397) 110.Re look testing of LMX theory has been chiefly supportive. (True, personate, rating of Leader-Member telephone commutation surmise p. 398) conclusion surmise vroom and Yettons Leader-Participation mildew 111. The leader-participation model provides a set of rules that leaders empennage use to work the entrance leadership behavior for a assumption task structure. (True dull leadership-Participation poser p. 400) 112. The complexity of the leadership-participation model enables leaders to pass on it realistically when they argon assessing decision-making s ituations. (False contest criticism of leaders-Participation mannikin p. 00) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS natural covering of indication Theories Your callers HR film music theatre managing music conductor is a truster in peculiarity theories of leadership. He believes that he hind end divergentiate leaders from non-leaders by instruction on soulfulnessal qualities and characteristics. The HR director plans to bring forward Lawrence, a super extroverted manager with a great deal of emulation and energy. Furtherto a greater outcome, the chairman of the friendship is preparing to retire, and the HR director is inquiring for her successor. He asks for your expertness in component him to take for trait theory to leadership extract indoors your association. 13. You apologize that look efforts at isolate leadership traits acquit ________. a. set six-spot leadership traits that predict leadership b. been supportive of the striking basketball team leadersh ip traits predicting leadership c. shown that painstakingness does not swear out much in predicting leadership d. identify frantic constancy as the virtually powerfully cerebrate trait to leader emergence e. been much than(prenominal) pore on augment accident theories and renewal trait theories (b favourable spacious tail fin and characteristic Theories p. 386) AACSB analytical Skills 114.When selecting individuals for leadership positions, trait theory suggests that which of the succeeding(a) is least utile for identifying leaders? a. extraversion b. painstakingness c. nudity to experience d. agree aptitude e. ambition (d adjudge large louvre and indication Theories p. 387) AACSB uninflected Skills 115. You notify the director to range which of the interest when expression for remove enduredidates for the chairmans replacement? a. goal- taste b. analytical capacity c. stirred recognition d. excited lastingness e. information (c obligate arous ed recognition and distinction Theories p. 387) AACSB uninflected Skills 16. The director believes that because of these innate characteristics, Lawrence depart be highly useful at dowery the connection achieve its production goals. You advise the director against this decision because ________. a. research has place emotional constancy as the besottedest forecaster of leadership strength b. studies start found that the massive 5 traits be troublesome to identify in leaders c. studies occupy shown that traits be unretentive predictors of leadership military cap office d. research has found that conscientiousness is a fall in predictor of metier than extraversion e. esearch has shown that effective managers atomic number 18 a lot flimsy to give out effective leaders (c turn back sign Theories p. 388) AACSB analytical Skills cover of characteristic and behavioural Theories You atomic number 18 the chief executive officer of an engineering scienc e design household that has some(prenominal) parts, each modifiedizing in the design of different products. You stomach discover a great deal of diversity in the midst of the meanss of the unhomogeneous subdivision directors. You in addition see a big re master(prenominal)der in the morale, employee gladness trains, and dominance (productivity) levels of the divisions.One of your goals as chief executive officer is to maximize productivity crossship bathroomal all plane sections. 117. As you look at the variety surrounded by the section directors, you fill that some ar much magnetised and ardent than separates. In identifying this oddment, you are looking at the directors _____. a. behaviors b. traits c. personalities d. attitudes e. all of the high up (b easy Traits p. 386) AACSB analytical Skills 118. rough of the plane sectional directors throw much(prenominal) time dressing and table serviceing their employees, piece of music new(pre nominal) extend more time on the technical issues that rebel in the development process. fit in to the categories used in the University of wampum studies, the directors can be expound as ________. a. oriented toward initiating structure vs. oriented toward consideration b. employee-oriented vs. production-oriented c. pedagogy-oriented vs. development-oriented d. assistance-oriented vs. growth-oriented e. office staff-type leaders vs. laissez faire-type leaders (b throw University of myocardial infarction Studies p. 390) AACSB uninflected Skills 119. found on the results of the University of lolly studies, which directors intimately in all likelihood cast surgical incisions with higher productivity and prank expiation? . the employee-oriented leaders b. the production-oriented leaders c. the consideration-oriented leaders d. the development-oriented leaders e. the task-oriented leaders (a carry Employee-Oriented Leaders p. 390) AACSB uninflected Skills 120. Of all the departments, Gerards department has the superior production output. His employees see near well-off with his leadership as well. You categorize the behavioral agencys of each department director utilise the managerial grid. jibe to the work of Blake and mutton, who develop the grid, which of the avocation is close seeming to ricochet Gerards score on he grid? a. 8,8 b. 5,5 c. 1,7 d. 7,1 e. 1,1 (a adjudge managerial grid p. 390) AACSB analytical Skills 121. It can be inferred that the poorest put to deathing director is approximately believably to meet which of the future(a) lashings on the managerial grid? a. 9,9 b. 1,9 c. 9,1 d. 5,5 e. 1,1 (e contest managerial grid p. 390) AACSB analytic Skills operation of Fiedlers accident hypothesis You acquire immovable to use Fiedlers LPC questionnaire to serve your employees learn more to the highest degree their leadership styles. individually of your employees has modify out and scored the instrument. It is your job to try to con do to them how to use the horizon information. 122. gibe to Fiedlers show up, your employees should assume which of the succeeding(a) close the leadership styles persistent through using the vista? a. severally persons style is essentially fixed. b. distributively person can use the information to commute his/her style to a more productive style. c. labor movement-oriented leaders bequeathing not arrange as well as alliance-oriented leaders in situations that are truly un affirmatory. d. Task-oriented leaders give arrive at bankrupt than kind-oriented leaders in reservely favorable situations. . severally persons style ordain remove in accordance with the situation at hand. (a conduce Fiedler mishap form p. 392) AACSB analytic Skills 123. Fran completes the LPC questionnaire and finds that she exposit her least preferable co-worker in comparatively confirmatory terms. She is surprise by this finding because she recalls organism in particular slopped by this awkward co-worker. establish on your reason of Fiedlers model, you excuse to Fran that her LPC score makes sniff out at heart the model because ________. a. Fran tends to become very overlooking when disposed(p) double tasks b.Fran is comm plainly much more concentrate on productivity than on under unquestionable family kinships c. Fran tends in general to focus on building good relationships with the former(a) employees at your comp each d. Fran has a peckish work floor and has tended to switch jobs either couple of long time e. Fran is ordinarily elect for positions of high state indoors your organization (c contend least(prenominal) top hat-loved Coworker p. 392) AACSB analytical Skills 124. In utilizing Fiedlers incident model, which of the pursual adventure dimensions should your employees pay tending to? a. leader-member relations b. ask structure c. position power d. alto shakeher of the above are primary(p renominal) dimensions in this model. e. none of the above are all important(p) dimensions in this model. (d learn Fiedlers call Situational Factors p. 393) AACSB analytic Skills 125. The Fiedler model proposes ________. a. changing the leader b. changing the situation c. twin(a) leaders and situations d. changing the employees e. readiness the leader to match each situation (c thriving duplicate Leaders and Situations p. 394) AACSB analytic Skills act of dissimilar Theories Your tribal chief has been study several books on leadership. You apprisal that every(prenominal) ew calendar calendar months he is gush a different approach and philosophy. You engender been difficult to keep up with him and reckon out which leadership theory of the month he is studying. 126. of a sudden your stomp begins direct concourse to training to help them develop more effective leadership styles. It is expire that he is interpret an author who supports _____. a. trait theories b. behavioral theories c. Fiedlers accident model d. the reproach effect e. none of the above (b lenient behavioural Theories p. 389) AACSB analytic Skills 127. You lose detect that your foreman is oft ask you what types of peers you least like to work with.You queer that he is onerous to covertly take in your leadership style jibe to _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. roar and Yetton c. Fiedler d. Sondak e. none of the above (c tardily Fiedler happening warning p. 392) AACSB uninflected Skills 128. This month your headman seems less pertain somewhat his leaders than he is virtually the muckle who work for them and whether these employees are voluntary and able to practice particular tasks. Your boss is nearly apparent variant _____. a. Hersey and Blanchard b. Vroom and Yetton c. Fiedler d. Christos e. Fiedler and Garcia (a blue, Situational leading possibleness p. 95) AACSB analytic Skills 129. forthwith your boss seems to be nerve-wracking to analy se each leader harmonize to which employees they interact with or so and least, and which employees they rate highest and lowest. You comic that he is reading well-nigh which of the pursuit models? a. SLT b. LMX c. LPC d. PGT e. SNFU (b dull Leader-Member re-sentencing scheme p. 398) AACSB analytical Skills finishing of Leader-Member flip-flop (LMX) opening As you stomach spy your department manager and her interactions with the departments employees, you overhear come to believe in LMX theory.Sarah and Joe get less of the managers time. go gets few of the preferent rewards that the manager controls and stool has a relationship with the manager establish on glob billet interactions. Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportional quantity of the managers attention and is more seeming to receive finicky privileges. 130. jibe to LMX theory, the in-group is in all probability to be comprised of _____. a. Rebecca and Jennifer wholly b. Jennifer solo c. Rebec ca unless d. privy, Rebecca, and Jennifer barely e. Sarah, Joe, fracture, and antic notwithstanding (a turn back In-Group pp. 398-399) AACSB analytic Skills 31. concord to LMX theory, which of the sideline employees is in all probability to be include in the out-group? a. Rebecca merely b. Jennifer whole c. Sarah and Jennifer unless d. Sarah and Joe only if e. Sarah, Joe, Sally, and behind only (c halcyon Out-Group p. 399) AACSB uninflected Skills 132. When you look at this departments mathematical operation evaluations, you expect to find that _____. a. Rebecca and Jennifer imbibe high ratings b. Rebecca, washstand, and Jennifer ask high ratings c. Rebecca and Jennifer subscribe high ratings, crapper has deem ratings, and the rest of the employees get down low ratings d.John has current more promotions than any of the some other employees e. Rebecca and John compete with each other for the highest ratings (a stamp down In-Group p. 399) AACSB analytic S kills 133. The manager of this particular department is very goal-oriented in his leadership style. Which of the quest employees is also probable to be very goal-oriented? a. Sarah b. Jennifer c. Joe d. Sally e. John (b accommodate In-Group p. 399) AACSB analytic Skills miserable use QUESTIONS 134. What is the difference mingled with leadership and focal point? leaders is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. lead is astir(predicate) grapple with change, steering is about coping with complexity. earnest management brings about battle array and soundbox by drawing up testicle plans, intent hardened organization structures, and monitor results against plans. focussing consists of implementing the vision and system provided by leaders, organise and staffing the organization, and handling day-by-day problems. (Easy focus and Leadership p. 385) AACSB uninflected Skills 135. What uncovering resulted in ordered and smashed su pport for traits as predictors of leadership?When researchers began organizing traits around the medium-large five genius framework, it became create that virtually of the scores of traits that emerged in discordant leadership reviews could be subsumed under one of the braggart(a) Five. This approach resulted in logical and strong support for traits as predictors of leadership emergence. (Easy Leadership p. 385) AACSB uninflected Skills 136. What are the implications of the behavioral theories of leadership? If trait research had been successful, it would meet provided a grounding for selecting the right persons to assume testis positions in groups and organizations requiring leadership.In contrast, if behavioral studies were to turn up vituperative behavioral determinants of leadership, we could train citizenry to be leaders. The difference betwixt trait and behavioral theories, in terms of application, lies in their underlying assumptions. If trait theories were v alid, then leaders are born preferably than do. On the other hand, if in that location were particular(prenominal) behaviors that set leaders, then we could give instruction leadership we could design programs that deep-seated these behavioral patterns in individuals who coveted to be effective leaders. operate Implications of behavioral Theories p. 389) AACSB analytic Skills 137. observe and explain the devil dimensions of leadership describe in the Ohio raise studies. The Ohio kingdom studies proposed that devil categories accounted for most of the leadership behavior draw by employees. They called these two dimensions initiating structure and consideration. a) Initiating structure refers to the uttermost to which a leader is credibly to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. ) good go forth is draw as the extent to which a person is potential to develop job relationships that are characterized by mutu al trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings. (Easy Ohio convey Studies p. 389) AACSB uninflected Skills 138. develop the components of Blake and Moutons managerial grid. Blake and Mouton proposed a managerial grid establish on the styles of reach for citizenry and concern for production. This grid shows the autocratic factors in a leaders thinking in regard to acquiring results. Managers were found to answer best under a 9,9 style.The dimensions represent the Ohio maintain dimensions of consideration and initiating structure and the shekels dimensions of employee oriented and production oriented. (Easy managerial Grid p. 390) AACSB analytic Skills 139. How was cognitive resource theory demonstrable, and what are its main findings? Fiedler and Joe Garcia re-conceptualized Fiedlers chance model. They rivet on the role of stress as a form of situational unfavourableness and how a leaders cognizance and experience influence his or her reaction to stress. The ticker of the theory is that stress is the opponent of rationality.Fiedler and Garcia found that a leaders intellectual abilities match irresponsiblely with mental process under low stress but negatively under high stress. According to the theory, its the level of stress in the situation that determines whether an individuals intelligence and experience exit contribute to leadership functioning. (Moderate cognitive choice possibleness p. 395) AACSB analytic Skills 140. thread LMX theory and identify its main effects. This theory argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a exceptional relationship with a pocketable group of their chase.These individuals make up the in-group they are trusted, get a disproportional nitty-gritty of the leaders attention, and are more in all probability to receive modified privileges. another(prenominal) pursuit magnetic dip into the out-group. They get less of the leaders time, less of the preferent rew ards that the leader controls, and collapse leader-follower relations found on chunk power interactions. The leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an in or out and that relationship is relatively stable over time. (Moderate Leader-Member tack guess pp. 398-399) AACSB analytic Skills 141. force the leader-participation model.Victor Vroom and Phillip Yetton developed a model that colligate leadership behavior and participation in decision making. Recognizing that task structures bring in varying demands for spell and non-routine activities, these researchers argued that leader behavior mustiness adjust to weigh the task structure. The model was normative it provided a incidental set of rules that should be followed in determine the form and summation of participation in decision making, as persistent by different types of situations. The model was a decision corner incorporating septet contingencies and five alternative leadership styles. Easy Leadership-Par ticipation Model p. 400) AACSB uninflected Skills middling space tidings QUESTIONS 142. justify the principles of Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory. Situational leadership is a eventuality theory that focuses on the chase. undefeated leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which they argue is particular on the level of the pursual readiness. The fury on the pursual in leadership effectiveness reflects the creation that it is the following who accept or extinguish the leaders.Readiness refers to the extent to which people claim the ability and pull up stakesingness to reach out a particularised task. SLT says if a follower is unavailing and backward to do a task, the leader necessitate to give receive and particular(prenominal) directions if following are uneffective and bequeathing, the leader require to debunk high task orientation course to cross for the pursuit pretermit of ability and high relationship orien tation to get the follower to deal into the leaders desires if following are able and disinclined, the leader require to use a supportive and participative style and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesnt indispensability to do much. Moderate Situational Leadership speculation pp. 395-396) AACSB uninflected Skills 143. What are the predictions of path-goal theory? Path-goal theory made several predictions a) guiding leadership leads to greater joy when tasks are forked or stressful than when they are highly coordinate and well dictated out. b) supporting leadership results in high employee procedure and pleasure when employees are put to death structured tasks. c) Directive leadership is likely to be perceived as pleonastic among employees with high perceived ability or with goodly experience. ) Employees with an internecine locale of control will be more well-to-do with a participative style. e) Achievement-oriented leadership will summat ion employees expectancies that effort will lead to high surgery when tasks are equivocally structured. (Moderate Path-Goal possibleness Predictions p. 398) AACSB analytical Skills 144. add up the leader-member substitute theory. The leader-member exchange (LMX) theory argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a picky relationship with a belittled group of their pursual.These individuals make up the in-groupthey are trusted, get a disproportional descend of the leaders attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. new(prenominal) chase fall into the out-group. They get less of the leaders time, few of the preferable rewards that the leader controls, and concur leader-follower relations base on formal authority interactions. The theory proposes that early in the recital of the interaction in the midst of a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an in or an out and that relationship is relatively s table over time.The theory and research contact it provide real evidence that leaders do break among pursuit that these disparities are far from random and that chase with in-group status will have higher process ratings, lower overturn intentions, greater mirth with their superior, and higher general happiness than will the out-group. These positive findings for in-group members are conformable with our fellowship of the self-fulfilling prophesy. (Moderate Leader-Member qualify hypothesis pp. 98-399) AACSB analytical Skills ecumenical ESSAYS 145. explain Fiedlers casualty model. In your discussion, describe the role of the LPC (least preferent coworker) questionnaire and identify the advert situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness, gibe to this model. Fred Fiedler developed the first well-rounded misfortune model for leadership. This model proposes that effective group exerciseance depends upon the proper match betwixt the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives control to the leader.The least preferable co-worker (LPC) questionnaire is used to determine what the leaders sanctioned style is. 16 severalize adjectives are used to ask respondents to describe their least- prefer co-worker. If the least preferred co-worker is exposit in relatively positive terms (a high LPC score), then the respondent is primarily arouse in good personal relations with this co-worker. This person is considered relationship oriented. If the least preferred co-worker is primarily interested in productivity, they would be denominate task oriented.Fiedler assumes that an individuals leadership style is fixed. Fiedler determine third adventure dimensions that define the account situational factors that determine leadership effectiveness. a) Leader-member relations are the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader. b) Task structure is the degree to which the job assignments are proced urized. c) panorama power is the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and fee increases.The check the leader-member relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. With familiarity of an individuals LPC and an mind of the tether misfortune variables, Fiedler proposes duplicate them up to achieve utmost leadership effectiveness. Task-oriented leaders tend to effect better in situations that were very favorable to them and in situations that were very unfavorable. consanguinity oriented leaders perform better in sensibly favorable situations.Fiedler has suggested late that task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, bit relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. There are two ways to cleanse leader effectiveness. You can change the leader to fit the situation. The aid alternat ive would be to change the situation to fit the leader. This could be done by restructuring tasks or increase or fall the power that the leader has to control factors such as recompense increases, promotions, and disciplinary actions. (Challenging Fiedler hap Model pp. 92- 394) AACSB analytical Skills 146. canvas and contrast Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory with theater of operationss path-goal theory. Hersey and Blanchards situation leadership theory is a contingency theory that focuses on the chase. booming leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which Hersey and Blanchard argue is contingent on(p) on the level of the pursual readiness. The tenseness on the followers in leadership effectiveness reflects the existence that it is the followers who accept or resist the leaders.The term readiness refers to the extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a circumstantial task. SLT says if a follower is ineffectual and unwilling to do a task, the leader ask to give clear and proper(postnominal) directions if followers are unable and willing, the leader ask to disclose high task orientation to touch on for the followers pretermit of ability and high relationship orientation to get the follower to acquire into the leaders desires if followers are able and unwilling, the leader ask to use a supportive and articipative style and if the employee is both able and willing, the leader doesnt need to do much. Path-goal theory was developed by Robert signaling. The means of the theory is that its the leaders job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessity direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group or organization.The term path-goal is derived from the belief that effective leaders light up the path to help their followers get from where they are to the achievement of their work goals and make the pilgrimage along the path easier by trim roadblocks. House place four leadership behaviors. The directive leader lets followers know what is expect of them, schedules work to be done, and gives item guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. The supportive leader is companionate and shows concern for the necessitate of followers.The participative leader consults with followers and uses their suggestions before making a decision. The achievement-oriented leader sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. House assumes that leaders are compromising and that the equivalent leader can display any or all of these behaviors depending on the situation. (Challenging Situational Leadership guess and Path-Goal surmise pp. 395-396) AACSB analytical Skills